Seasonal growth and diet of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in demonstration channels and the main channel of the Waitaki River, New Zealand, 1982–1983

Abstract– Juvenile chinook salmon in the Waitaki River, New Zealand and demonstration channels, living at about 16°C, increased in length by 0.32 mm day⁻¹ between 4 November and 4 March. They gained weight quickly, accumulated large visceral fat deposits and had high conditions factors. At 1600 h, stomachs averaged half full. The number of prey tended to decline as the fish grew and consumed larger items. Initially the diet was based mainly on chironomid larvae, but by December it included a diversity of prey in more equal proportions. These included Deleatidium in the Waitaki; amphipods in the demonstration channels; various trichopterans, hemipterans, elmid beetles, zooplankton. terrestrial dipterans and a variety of other prey. There were significant differences between sites in numbers of prey consumed and these probably reflected differences in the benthos. Diets in the Waitaki differ from those in the Rakaia River and the food of juvenile salmon appears closely linked to the availability of a diverse range of possible prey.     

西藏山南地区草地资源及其合理利用

由于对西藏山南地区草原状况缺乏全面认识，未能合理利用，出现了草原退化等一系列问题。为了合理开发利用草地资源，通过调查提出：调整畜群结构，推行草场有偿承包责任制，开展季节性畜牧业，建立草地农业生态系统等建议。     

永丰草地的类型及其生产力评估

本文描述了甘肃省天祝县永丰草地的主要草地类型、生产能力及利用模式。研究工作显示,草地改良措施,对不同植被的生物量分布,将产生显著的效果。灌溉和施肥,将促进河谷草甸的地下生物量向地上生物量的转化过程。灌溉可使河谷草甸中禾草组分的增加超过50％,使产草量增加50％～100％。上年秋天和当年春天土壤的含水量,是全年产草量的决定因素,其对产草量的重要性超过全年平均降水量的影响。除了植被组分、产草量的变化外,河谷草地在可消化粗蛋白、可消化能、代谢能等方面也有重大变化,9月份与4月份相比,这三项指标分别高出376％、86％和86％。不同年龄组的绵羊饲料消耗显示,7岁羊的饲料消耗是10月龄羊的17倍;但是7岁羊的胴体重量仅是10月龄羊的2倍。根据永丰滩草地、饲草、家畜的这些特点,当地的畜牧业,不应当在毫无经济意义的情况下,保持太多的牲畜头数,优化畜产品生产的最好方法,就是实行季节畜牧业。季节畜牧业(其中繁殖母羊数达67％)与其他草地改良措施相结合,将使该地区单位面积上的绵羊的产肉量提高4.9倍。     

不同绵羊品种褪黑激素的季节性及昼夜变化规律研究

系统研究了小尾寒羊、同羊、滩羊血液褪黑激素在春分、夏至、秋分时的昼夜变化规律,发现绵羊血液中褪黑激素存在着明显的季节性变化,在春分和秋分时平均含量相对较低,在夏至时明显升高。在夏至和秋分时,小尾寒羊和同羊血液中褪黑激素比滩羊低,在春分时,小尾寒羊褪黑激素比同羊和滩羊高。     

草原区沙地放牧草地合理利用途径

本文通过对草原区沙地放牧草地在畜牧业生产实践中出现大面积退化和沙化现象的分析 ,探讨了沙地放牧草地合理利用的途径 ,认为对于沙地放牧草地的保护 ,重点应放在草地的合理利用方面。通过以草定畜 ,合理调整载畜量 ;建立合理的利用制度 ;发展季节畜牧业 ;调整畜群结构 ,增加良种畜比例 ;以及改良天然草地 ,建立人工、半人工草地等措施 ,达到草原区沙地草地的可持续利用。     

新疆沙尔套山四季放牧草地主要牧草营养价值变化特征研究

以新疆昭苏县域内沙尔套山分布的12种主要牧草为研究对象,对其营养物质和瘤胃体外消化率特征进行分析,以期揭示各牧草营养物质和消化率的季节性变化规律。结果表明,各牧草的营养物质含量和消化率特征指标均存在明显的季节性变化规律。通过模糊相似优先比分析,综合营养物质(干物质、粗蛋白、中/酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分)和瘤胃体外消化率特征(有机物消化率、代谢能)的8项指标进行综合营养价值评价,主要结论为:1)研究区放牧草地12种主要牧草中针茅、芨芨草、紫花鸢尾综合营养价值最佳季节在春季营养生长期(6月),其余牧草均为夏季开花期(7月)。2)春季营养生长期(6月)和秋季果后营养期(9月),综合营养价值最好的均为鸭茅;夏季开花期(7月),综合价值最好的牧草为西伯利亚羽衣草;秋季结实期(8月),综合营养价值最好的牧草为红花车轴草;冬季停止生长(10月)和枯草期(11月),综合营养价值最好的分别为针茅和紫花鸢尾。     

消费者价格指数与生产者价格指数“倒挂”之谜

消费者价格指数（Consumer Price Index,CPI）与生产者价格指数（Producer Price Index,PPI）是我国最重要的两个价格指数，一般说来，CPI与PPI应当是同步变化的.但是自2000年以来，CPI与PPI出现了多次“倒挂”现象，这无疑对当前经济通胀情况的判断带来了挑战.采用最新的X-13-ARIMA-SEATS方法对我国的CPI与PPI指数进行季节调整；在谱分析的基础上采用BK滤波方法将其趋势-循环因素进行分解得到趋势因素与循环因素.研究后发现是经济周期导致了“倒挂”现象.     

Thermal features,ambient temperature and hair coat lengths: Limitations of infrared imaging in pregnant primitive breed mares within a year

Infrared thermography is a non-invasive technique which allows to distinguish between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Detecting accurate body surface temperatures can be challenging due to external factors altering thermograph measurements. This study aimed to determine the associations between the ambient temperature, the hair coat features and the temperatures of mares' abdomens. It compared pregnant and non-pregnant mares throughout 11 months. The research was carried out on 40 Konik Polski mares, which were divided into pregnant and non-pregnant groups. The temperature (Tmax, maximal; Taver, average; Tmin, minimal) of the mares' abdomen was evaluated in two regions of interest: the whole area of the lateral surface of the mares' abdomen (Px1) and the flank area of the lateral surface of mares' abdomen (Px2). During the increasing period, the slopes in the linear regression equation did not differ significantly for ambient (Tamb) and surface temperatures in both groups. In the decreasing period, the slopes did not differ significantly for Tamb and Tmax in the non-pregnant group. They also did not differ for Tamb and Taver in Px1 and Tamb and Tmin in Px1 in both pregnant and non-pregnant groups respectively. Other slopes varied significantly (p < .001). There was no evidence of parallel changes in hair coat features and measured temperatures. The flank area appears more suitable for thermal imaging in pregnant mares due to the seasonal fluctuations in hair coat lengths.     

AANAT基因在滩羊不同繁殖时期卵巢中的转录差异及DNA甲基化程度分析

试验旨在检测5-羟色胺-N-乙酰基转移酶（AANAT）基因在绵羊休情季节和繁殖季节（卵泡期和黄体期）卵巢组织中的转录差异,并分析转录差异是否由DNA甲基化修饰程度改变所导致。试验采用自然环境条件和饲养管理一致,且体重差异在0.5 kg范围内的空怀母滩羊作为试验动物,采集其休情期、卵泡期和黄体期（每个时期3只）的卵巢组织,采用SYBR染料法进行实时荧光定量PCR检测AANAT基因在滩羊不同繁殖时期卵巢组织中的转录水平。随后针对转录水平有差异的两个时期（休情期和卵泡期）的样本,利用MethPrimer 2.0在线软件预测AANAT基因启动子区和第一外显子区的CpG岛;用重亚硫酸盐测序法（BSP法）检测AANAT基因启动子区及第一外显子区的甲基化程度。试验结果显示,滩羊休情期卵巢组织中AANAT基因转录水平显著低于卵泡期的AANAT基因转录水平（P<0.05）,休情期与黄体期滩羊卵巢组织中AANAT基因的转录水平差异不显著（P>0.05）。滩羊卵巢组织中AANAT基因启动子区上存在着一个长度为173 bp的CpG岛,第一外显子区存在着一个长度为118 bp的CG岛。然而,两个甲基化岛区内的单个CpG位点甲基化程度在滩羊休情期和卵泡期之间均不存在显著差异,暗示AANAT基因的表达受甲基化修饰外的因素调控。本研究结果可为进一步探讨AANAT基因在季节性发情和卵泡成熟中的功能提供参考资料。