Molluscicidal activity against Oncomelania hupensis of Ginkgo biloba

In search for molluscicidal active components, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water extracts from Ginkgo sarcotesta were evaluated against the snail Oncomelania hupensis. The bioassay-oriented showed that the activity concentrates in the petroleum ether extract (LD(50) 7.81 ppm). Ginkgolic acids, isolated from the petroleum ether extract, exhibited strong molluscicidal activity (LD(50) 1.49 ppm), gingkgolic acid C15:1 having the strongest molluscicidal activity.     

银杏外种皮酚酸类物质的抑菌活性

以9种植物病原真菌和10种动物病原细菌为供试菌,采用菌丝生长速率法和带药培养基涂布法,测定了银杏外种皮中酚酸类物质的抑菌活性。结果表明,酚酸类物质对9种植物病原真菌均有抑制活性,对柿角斑病菌、稻瘟病菌、梨锈病菌、玉米炭疽病菌、柑橘疮痂病菌、甘蔗凤梨病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、梨褐斑病菌和香蕉炭疽病菌的EC50在0.665 7~19.558 0 g/L,对香蕉炭疽病菌活性最高,对稻瘟病菌活性最低。银杏外种皮酚酸类物质对10种动物病原细菌也有不同程度的抑制活性,其中对巨大芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性最高,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)均为1.25 g/L。     

银杏外种皮提取物对霉菌的抑制作用

研究银杏外种皮粗提物对霉菌的抑制作用,为银杏外种皮的开发利用提供依据。用不同浓度的乙醇加热回流提取银杏外种皮得粗提物,准确量10 mL的粗提物并烘干后,用等量甲醇溶解,甲醇稀释1000倍后用721型分光光度仪在波长310 mm处进行银杏酚酸的定量测定,得出提取物中酚酸类含量最高的乙醇提取浓度,用此浓度对100 g银杏外种皮进行提取,浓缩到一定体积并采用菌落生长直径测定法测定了对14种霉菌的抑制作用。结果表明,用浓度为80%的乙醇进行银杏外种皮提取的效果最好,当此提取物浓度为0.033mg/mL时对烟曲霉、桧状青霉、阿姆斯特丹曲霉、缓生曲霉、杂色曲霉、赭曲霉、串珠镰刀菌胶孢变种和串珠镰刀菌都有较强的抑制作用（判断标准：抑菌率≥80%）,对葡枝根霉有抑制作用（判断标准：60%≤抑菌率〈80%）。     

Chemical composition of papaya seeds

Seeds of papaya cultivated in Somalia, which accounted for about 16% of the fresh fruit weight, were divided into sarcotesta and endosperm. Sarcotesta showed higher percentages of ash, crude protein, and crude fiber than did endosperm, but was lacking in fat. In contrast, endosperm contained 60% fat. Oil extract showed very high levels of oleic and palmitic acids. The essential amino acid profiles of endosperm and sarcotesta protein were determined and compared with the provisional FAO essential amino acid profile. The results indicated that the endosperm protein was a good potential source of supplemental protein.     

Comparative molluscicidal action of extract of Ginko biloba sarcotesta, arecoline and niclosamide on snail hosts of Schistosoma japonicum

In search for new local plant molluscicides for the control of the vectors of schistosomiasis, we compared the molluscicidal action of the extract of Ginkgo biloba sarcotesta by benzinum (EGSB) to that of arecoline (ARE) and niclosamide (NIC) against Oncomelania hupensis snails. NIC showed the highest toxicity on snails with 24 h LC₅₀ vales of 0.12 mg/L and LC₉₀ of 0.98 mg/L, while the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ of EGSB were much lower than that of ARE. Sublethal in vivo 24 h exposure to 40% and 80% LC₅₀ of NIC, EGSB and ARE altered the activities of different enzymes in different body tissues of snails. EGSB could significantly inhibit Choline esterase (ChE), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Malic dehydrogenase (MDH) activities both in the cephalopodium and liver. ARE could significantly cause a reduction in ChE, ALP activities in the cephalopodium and ChE, ALT, ALP, Succinodehydrogenase (SDH), MDH activities in the liver. NIC significantly altered activities of ChE, ALT, ALP, SDH, and MDH in the cephalopodium and ChE, ALT, ALP, SDH activities in the liver. All molluscicides could not affect Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the cephalopodium and the liver. Maximum inhibition of ALT and MDH activities was found in the cephalopodium and liver of snails treated with 80% of 24 h LC₅₀ of EGSB. However, NIC and ARE caused maximum reduction in ALP and SDH activities, respectively. The results indicated that molluscicidal action of EGSB was different to that of ARE and NIC in some extent.     

银杏外种皮厌氧消化产气特性研究

为了获得银杏外种皮厌氧消化的产气规律和潜力,考察其能否作为一种适宜的沼气发酵原料,本实验采用全混合批量式发酵装置,在厌氧活性污泥浓度为50%、发酵温度为中温(36±1)℃的条件下,对银杏外种皮的厌氧消化特性进行了探究。结果表明,银杏外种皮的产气周期为18天,累积产气量为1885mL,累积产甲烷量为480mL,产甲烷量占整个产气量的25.46%;银杏外种皮的TS产气率和产甲烷率分别为421mL/g和107mL/g,VS产气率和产甲烷率分别为644mL/g和162mL/g。从结果得出,用银杏外种皮作发酵原料,虽然TS、VS产量率较高,但所产气体中甲烷含量较低,主要是由于银杏外种皮中含有抑制沼气发酵的成分,故银杏外种皮不适宜单独进行沼气发酵。     

银杏外种皮提取物对菜青虫抑制生长与拒食活性的研究

结合对菜青虫抑制作用的常规生物测定 ,从银杏外种皮提取物中分离、筛选出具有明显抑制活性的组分B和E ,主要成分为anacardicacids的 2个组分对菜青虫的主要作用方式为拒食效应 ,未观察到触杀作用。组分E采用 1 .90、0 95、0 .63 g·kg-13个浓度处理的甘蓝菜叶饲喂菜青虫 ,最终校正死亡率分别为 81 .6%、75 .3 %、5 3 .0 %。     

氢化白果酸对果树病原菌的抑制效果

结合对果树病原菌抑制作用的常规生物测定 ,从银杏外种皮提取物中筛选出具有明显抑菌活性的组分 Anac-ardic acids D,并从中分离出氢化白果酸 E。氢化白果酸 E在 1 0 0 0倍稀释浓度时对苹果炭疽病菌和葡萄炭疽病菌的抑制率分别为 98.8%和 91 .8%。     

叶籽银杏种实形态解剖特征比较

以山东境内发现的8株叶籽银杏正常种实和叶生种实为试材,对其种实形态多样性进行比较研究.结果表明:1)成熟的叶生种实具有明显的外种皮、中种皮、内种皮、胚乳、珠领.叶生种实形态上具有多样性,在叶顶端或边缘着生1～2(15)个大小不等的胚珠,珠领不连续.核体顶端锐尖,或直立,或为喙状,内种皮中缢线明显移向珠孔端、上端赤褐色的内种皮缺如或萎缩.种仁仅有胚乳、无胚.2)叶生种实质量和种核质量约为正常种实质量和种核质量的1/3,叶生种仁质量约为正常种仁质量的1/4.正常种实和叶生种实出核率分别为25.23%和20.16%,出仁率分别为74.26%,48.91%.对银杏的胚珠及种实的植物学和栽培学术语进行了说明.