甘蔗热带种金属硫蛋白家族基因的克隆及响应重金属胁迫的表达分析

金属硫蛋白是一类富含巯基的低分子量蛋白,在植物的重金属解毒及细胞氧化还原调控等方面起重要的作用。本研究以甘蔗热带种Badila组培苗为材料,分别测定了其在CdCl2、ZnSO4和CuCl2水溶液培养条件下地上部和地下部的重金属含量,结果显示其对上述3种重金属有较强的耐受与富集能力。继而克隆了ScMT1(登录号为KJ504373)、ScMT2-1-5(登录号为MH191346)和ScMT3(登录号为KJ5043704)3个金属硫蛋白家族基因,它们分别属于植物MT亚家族中的MT1、MT2和MT3型基因。ScMT1含有1个内含子和2个外显子,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)长228 bp,编码75个氨基酸;ScMT2-1-5含有2个内含子和3个外显子,ORF长246 bp,编码81个氨基酸;ScMT3含有1个内含子和2个外显子,ORF长198 bp,编码65个氨基酸。RT-qPCR显示,Cd2+胁迫下,在甘蔗地上部和地下部,ScMT2-1-5均连续显著上调表达,而ScMT1的上调应答出现延迟。ScMT3在地上部的上调应答出现延迟,在地下部呈“扬-抑”趋势,提示甘蔗响应Cd^2+胁迫过程中ScMT2-1-5起更积极的作用,ScMT1参与胁迫后期的分子响应,而ScMT3不起主导作用。Cu^2+胁迫下,地上部ScMT1连续显著上调表达,ScMT2-1-5和ScMT3呈总体上调的表达趋势;地下部,ScMT1和ScMT2-1-5的上调表答均出现延迟,仅在胁迫后期显著上调表达,而ScMT3仅在胁迫前期显著上调表达。该结果提示了ScMT1、ScMT2-1-5和ScMT3在Cu2+胁迫响应过程中的协作关系,三者共同参与了地上部的胁迫响应,其中ScMT1起更积极的作用;此外三者还先后参与了地下部对Cu^2+胁迫的分子响应。Zn^2+胁迫下,ScMT1和ScMT3分别仅在地上部和地下部显著上调表达;ScMT2-1-5在地上部和地下部均呈“扬-抑”的应答趋势;提示了在甘蔗响应Cd^2+胁迫应答过程中ScMT1和ScMT3分别在地上部和地下部起主要作用,ScMT2-1-5参与了胁迫前期的分子响应。ScMT1、ScMT2-1-5和ScMT3在甘蔗不同组织中及在重金属(Cd^2+、Zn^2+或Cu^2+)不同累积水平下呈现出相似或互补的应答特性,提示上述甘蔗MT家族不同成员在重金属解毒及细胞氧化还原调控等方面产生了功能分化,且三者在应对过量Cd^2+、Zn^2+或Cu^2+对甘蔗组织造成伤害的过程中存在时空上的协同作用。该研究为深入理解多倍体植物甘蔗中MT家族各成员基因在重金属耐受过程中的协同作用机制奠定了基础。     

Soil CO2 emission in sugarcane management systems

Sugarcane management systems affect soil attributes such as the carbon cycle. This fact has stimulated the sugar and alcohol industry to refine the sugarcane production systems by replacing the pre-harvest burning (PB) and manual harvest with mechanized harvesting followed by residue deposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate different management systems with respect to C cycling carbon dioxide and soil parameters (chemical, physical and biological) which were determined over the season. Three sugarcane cultivation systems were evaluated at the following periods: (a) PB, (b) 5-year green harvest and (c) 10-year green harvest. The results indicated that CO₂ emission was 36% greater in the 10-year sugarcane green harvest system than in the PB system. The bulk density and macroporosity were the factors that were most affected by the different sugarcane management systems and that significantly influenced soil CO₂ emissions. The principal component analysis showed that soil CO₂ emission was 18% influenced by base saturation (V%) and 14% by pH, especially in the PB area. Additionally, 19% was affected by carbon and macroporosity in the 5- and 10-year green harvest areas, respectively. From our results, it can be concluded that the most CO₂ emissions are in the areas of sugarcane green, this is due to the higher carbon concentration when compared with the area of burning sugarcane. The parameters that most influenced the CO₂ emissions were bulk density, porosity, macroporosity, pH and V%.     

甘蔗叶片中转化酶的变化规律及其与生长和糖分积累的关系

本试验以中早熟高糖品种川蔗10号和迟熟低糖品种海蔗5号为材料,研究甘蔗叶片中转化酶的变化规律及其对甘蔗主要性状的影响。结果表明,叶片中转化酶活力与生长呈正相关,而与糖分积累呈负相关。成熟期较高的酸性转化酶活力对糖分积累不利。不同类型品种转化酶转化模式不同,反映了它们遗传型的差异。因此,转化酶特别是酸性转化酶可作为甘蔗育种及其基因型选择的显著生理指标。     

甘蔗分蘖期间叶面喷施乙烯利后两种内源激素的变化

选用甘蔗品种新台糖16号和新台糖22号为材料,在分蘖前期以0(清水)、100、400 mg/L 3种不同乙烯利浓度进行叶面喷施,定期采样分析了茎尖和伤流液中的生长素(IAA)与细胞分裂素(CTK的含量),同时统计了分蘖率、后期分蘖率。结果表明,100mg/L乙烯利处理后分蘖期茎尖IAA含量减少,根部CTK浓度增加,根部伤流液中CTK/IAA比值变大;促进了甘蔗的分蘖,提高分蘖率,尤以对新台糖22号的效应更大。     

高良姜多糖对酪氨酸酶抑制作用的研究

[目的]研究高良姜多糖对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用。[方法]以新鲜的高良姜和马铃薯为原料,通过比色法、色差仪法、Photoshop图像灰度值分析等测定高良姜多糖对马铃薯酪氨酸酶活性的抑制率,以及对马铃薯匀浆褐变度和反应体系颜色值变化的影响。[结果]试验得出,高良姜多糖对酪氨酸酶的活力有显著的抑制作用,其IC50为0.315 mg/m L,能显著降低反应体系的褐变度。[结论]高良姜多糖具有较强的酪氨酸酶抑制活性,可望用于美白护肤、果汁护色、鲜切果蔬保鲜等领域,值得进一步研究。     

Management of nematodes and a stalk borer by increasing within-field sugarcane cultivar diversity

The aim of this study was to determine whether an increase in plant diversity could modify the structure of the nematode community in favour of less pathogenic species and whether it affected the lepidopteran stalk borer, Eldana saccharina . Four sugarcane cultivars were planted either singly or as a mixture in the furrow. Nematodes were enumerated when the crops were 6 months old for five successive 10 to 13 month old crop cycles. Results showed that the mixture of cultivars had little significant impact on the overall abundance of the plant-parasitic or free-living nematodes. However, the nematode community structure within the mixture was slightly different to that observed on any single cultivar planted on its own and there was a higher than expected proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera during the first three crops. With successive crops and in all treatments, there was an overall trend of increasing proportions of Meloidogyne javanica in the nematode community. However, the way that the change in the species-balance occurred in the mixed cultivar plots suggested a resistance to the evolving dominance of M. javanica . These results showed that sugarcane cultivars interacted within the rhizosphere when planted in a mixture because the observed nematode community in the mixture differed from that expected. The level of damage caused by E. saccharina was slightly lower in the mixture than expected from the actual cultivar composition.     

海南高良姜挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱分析

建立了海南产高良姜挥发油的GC-MS指纹图谱,对其中20个特征化合物进行了精密度、稳定性和重复性分析。结果表明,高良姜挥发油中检测到了110个成分,其中20个特征成分的精密度、稳定性和重复性良好。该方法简单可靠,可应用于高良姜的品质评价。     

不同产地高良姜的有效成分分析

建立了高良姜中槲皮素、异鼠李素、高良姜素和山奈素的高效液相色谱分析方法,并对不同产地高良姜中的上述成分进行定量分析。结果表明,海南多地产的高良姜的槲皮素、异鼠李素、高良姜素和山奈素均高于广东徐闻地区,且高良姜素的含量达到了国家药典标准。     

环境胁迫和激素诱导甘蔗ACC合成酶基因家族三个成员的表达

ACC合成酶（ACS）是高等植物乙烯生物合成途径中的限速酶。在克隆到甘蔗ACC合成酶基因家族3个成员Sc-ACS1、Sc-ACS2和Sc-ACS3的基础上，分别以它们作为探针，检测了激素诱导和环境胁迫对甘蔗苗期该3成员表达的影响。结果表明，乙烯利诱导Sc-ACS1在叶中表达，在根中不表达；Sc-ACS2在根、叶中表达；Sc-ACS3主要在根部表达，在叶中不表达。在甘蔗叶片中，Sc-ACS1对冷胁迫、暗培养和LiCl胁迫均有应答，并受植物生长激素IAA诱导而表达；Sc-ACS2无论是在生长激素诱导还是环境胁迫下，其mRNA均维持较低水平。     

Evaluation of resistance to Fusarium head blight in indigenous Japanese species of Agropyron (Elymus)

General (GSI) and specific (SSI) selection indices were constructed for three open-mating populations of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) seedlings and their ratoon stages. Though specific indices were found to be the most effective in improving mean brix yield in their own source populations, but the GSI was better to SSI in other populations as indicated by higher mean values and more number of superior clones at selection and evaluation stages. This indicated the wider applicability of the GSI over SSI. Inspite of better expected genetic advance through GSI in ratoon crop, the actual gain in brix yield attained, through GSI, was better in seedlings. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.