The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

旱地保护性耕作地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型

在田间试验和对现有径流模型及土壤水分平衡模型改进的基础上，建立了适用于保护性耕作的地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型。该模型以日为步长，根据气象数据、土壤水分状况、作物生长发育及耕作管理措施，模拟不同耕作管理体系下地表径流和田间水分平衡的变化。针对保护性耕作的特点，主要对径流曲线数字(USDA—Curve Number)法进行了改进，在PERFECT模型的基础上增加了坡度和降雨强度两因素的影响，从而使模型较全面地考虑了残茬覆盖、耕作、坡度及降雨强度等多种因素对径流的影响；采用简单实用的Priestley—Taylor公式计算潜在蒸散量，并考虑作物覆盖与残茬覆盖对土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾的影响。通过田间径流试验和根层有效贮水量测定数据的验证，证明了地表径流和土壤水分的模拟值与实测值比较接近。     

全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北河流径流泥沙的影响研究

以秦岭南侧汉江和北侧渭河多年的径流泥沙观测资料，分析了全球气候暖干化对秦岭南北径流泥沙的变化。分析指出在80年代后，由于全球气候变化的影响，秦岭南北河流年均径流量均减少，与1935－1980年相比，汉江河流年均径流量减少1.9%，渭河河流年均径流量减少27.4%；同时汉江河流泥沙含量明显减少，但渭河河流泥沙含量呈增加趋势，是汉江河流泥沙含量133倍，表明了秦岭南北两侧在全球气候暖干化表现出明显的区域响应性。     

喀喇昆仑山盖孜河水文水资源特性分析

喀喇昆仑山河流自有水文资料记载以来 ,近 10年洪灾发生频率明显高于以往 ,人民的生命财产损失程度也大幅度增加。在分析了盖孜河流域的径流及气候多年变化过程后 ,认为洪灾频发的原因是近年来流域内降水及气温呈上升趋势 ,导致高山冰川退缩 ,河流径流增加 ,洪灾增大、频率增高 ;小区域多年气候变化过程从侧面印证了我国西北地区气候由暖干向暖湿变化。     

通过结构改良提高透水铺装的脱氮性能研究

本研究通过合成雨水模拟试验,设计了4个不同结构的透水铺装,测试了它们在不同污染物浓度及不同降雨强度下的雨水径流脱氮能力.结果表明:在低强度降雨条件下,各试验组的脱氮效果均较好,但在中等和高强度降雨条件下,与代表普通透水铺装的试验1相比,基层中添加了木屑层和饱和层的试验2具有良好的氨氮和硝酸盐去除性能;添加了沸石层的试验...     

城市雨水资源化的探讨

我国水资源短缺,季节性雨水资源比较丰富。城市雨水资源化既能缓解水资源的供需矛盾,又能减少洪涝灾害,具有很大的现实意义。     

黄土丘陵区第三副区人工牧草SCS-CN值率定研究

径流曲线数法(SCS-CN模型)是估算地表径流的常用方法,可以快速评估不同地表覆盖对降水径流关系的影响。为探讨径流曲线数法在黄土高原地区人工牧草措施下的适用性,提高植被恢复对黄土高原水资源影响的理解,为黄土高原人工牧草地表径流估算提供理论参考,选取黄河水利委员会天水水土保持科学试验站罗玉沟试验场7个径流小区中73场降雨径流事件资料,采用步长法对黄土高原人工牧草标准SCS-CN模型的径流曲线数(CN)和初损率(λ)进行优化率定。结果表明：(1)人工牧草最优λ值为0.15,而对照农田为0.18;(2)不同种类牧草CN值差异不显著,约为79,对照农田CN值为81,表明美国土壤保持局推荐的CN值对黄土高原人工牧草径流计算具有适用性,但λ值需根据实际情况进行优化率定;(3)根据前期土壤湿度情况修正S值,模拟效果较为理想,修正后的SCS-CN模型适用于黄土高原半干旱人工牧草地区。     

塔里木河流域水土流失动态变化分析

研究塔里木河流域土地利用变化、年径流量和输沙量变化特征及其相关关系,以期促进水土资源的合理开发和利用,为塔里木河流域的生态环境治理提供科学依据。水文数据为2005-2020年流域焉耆站、同古孜洛克站、卡群站、西大桥站、阿拉尔站年径流量、年输沙量,土地利用数据为1980-2015年土地利用空间分布数据。结果表明：(1)1980-2015 年,土地利用面积比例变化为-1.07%～1.16%,耕地面积增幅为 1.16%,沙地面积增幅 0.30%,草地面积降幅1.07%;(2)流域内各主要河流多年平均径流量为 22.99×10⁹～76.46×10⁹m³,多年平均输沙量63.20×10⁴～3470.00×10⁴t;开都河多年平均含沙量为0.24 kg/m³,其余河流平均含沙量均大于4kg/m³;塔里木河流域年径流量和年输沙量均呈现下降变化趋势,且年输沙量的变异性(40.89%～73.11%)大于年径流量(15.54%～35.37%);(3)各主...     

Fine-scale vegetation patches decline in size and cover with increasing rainfall in Australian savannas

Fine-scale vegetation patches (<5 m in width) are critically important in many landscapes because they function to obstruct surface flows of water and wind. These obstructions increase the infiltration of runoff and the capture of nutrients in runoff sediments and in wind-blown soil and litter. The importance of redistribution of runoff into runon patches from spaces between patches (fetches) is likely to be greater in drier than in wetter environments. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the ratio of fetch to patch decreases as rainfall increases, and that this trend will be most evident on intermediate-textured soils because these soils are more prone to runoff. We measured fine-scale patches on 38 sites with sand, loam or clay soils. Sites were located along a 1000-mm rainfall gradient in the savannas of northern Australia. The width and intercept length of patches and the fetch between patches was measuring along line transects of 100–120 m oriented down slope. We found that the ratio of fetch to patch area did not decrease with decreasing rainfall, but increased on both sand and loam soils. This result was because with increasing rainfall mean spacing between patches disproportionally increased while mean patch size and cover declined. The cover of patches was negatively correlated with tree canopy cover, which significantly increased with rainfall. This negative correlation suggests that in higher rainfall savannas the size and spacing of ground-layer patches is controlled by the tree layer, and that as rainfall decreases this control decreases and runoff-runon processes increasingly structure the landscape. For savannas on clay soils these trends were not significant except that on the highest rainfall sites the cover of ground-layer patches was nearly 100% while trees were absent.     

地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,分析了连续降雨过程条件下,不同糙度地表的径流量和产沙量的变化。研究结果表明：人工锄耕的地表,延缓径流的作用较为明显,但这一作用仅发生在降雨初期;随着降雨的进行,不同糙度地表的径流变化规律基本一致,先增加,随后趋于稳定的趋势,但径流总量没有明显变化。同样,人工锄耕的地表,延缓地表的产沙作用强于糙度小的地表,产沙率15°坡面要高于5°坡面,随着降雨的进行,在雨强1.0 mm/min条件下,这一变化更为明显,最终产沙总量变化不大。地表糙度对侵蚀的影响,不仅与降雨持续时间相关,同时与坡度密切相关,并初步证实黄土区地表糙度对侵蚀的影响存在着一定的临界条件。这为揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施。