Carbon storage by urban tree cultivars, in roots and above-ground

Urban trees can favorably affect factors underlying global warming by storing carbon and by reducing energy needs for cooling and heating buildings. To estimate carbon stored in roots and above-ground portions of trees, data was collected consisting of whole tree sampling of Amelanchier, Malus, Pyrus, and Syringa cultivars. Roots were excavated using an Air-Spade^™. Regression analysis resulted in two equations for predicting total carbon storage based on height and diameter of trees up to 20 cm dbh: Y = 0.05836 (dbh²) for root carbon storage, and Y = 0.0305 (dbh² × h)^0.9499 for above-ground carbon storage, explaining 97% and 96% of the variation, respectively. Average carbon stored in roots of various cultivars ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 kg for smaller trees, those 3.8 to 6.4 cm dbh, to more than 10.4 kg for trees 14.0 cm to 19.7 cm dbh. Average total carbon stored by cultivars ranged from 1.7 to 3.6 kg for trees less than 6.4 cm dbh to 54.5 kg for trees larger than 14.0 cm. The data from these equations apply mainly to trees in nurseries and recently transplanted trees. Comparisons showed that above-ground estimates from previous studies using a sampling technique overestimated values obtained from actual above-ground weights.     

不同供磷水平对柱花草和黑籽雀稗根际生理活性的影响

以热带柱花草和黑籽雀稗为材料，通过盆栽试验，研究不同磷水平对其根际酸性磷酸酶、微生物数量及根系活力的影响。结果表明：2种牧草根际酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性随着磷浓度的增加而降低，在低磷(P0)处理时达最高，柱花草的ACP活性为603.24 mg/(kg·h)，黑籽雀稗为367.21 mg/(kg·h)。当高磷浓度处理时，柱花草根际ACP活性较黑籽雀稗低。各处理中，柱花草的根际微生物总量较黑籽雀稗高，柱花草根际真菌的数量随磷浓度的增加而减少，处理间差异达极显著水平，低磷处理时土壤真菌数量较多，这有利于根瘤菌的形成。2种牧草的根系活力随着施磷浓度的增加而递减。黑籽雀稗根系活力P0处理极显著高于P3和P4处理,显著高于P2处理。黑籽雀稗根系活力受供磷水平的影响大于柱花草。     

五笔字根“形、音、义”三结合速记法——兼谈英文字母键位速记

根据汉字＂形、音、义＂的三个特点,采用字根与字母组合构图以及谐音组词的方式助记五笔字根,以使每个五笔字根都能与相应键位的英文字母建立直观、形象、易于联想的紧密联系,从而达到事半功倍、快速持久的记忆效果。     

退化高寒草甸斑块根—土复合体特征研究

高寒草甸斑块的根-土复合体对局部水土流失过程具有调控作用,为研究其特征及抗侵蚀效应,本研究选取三江源区达日县境内典型中度退化草甸的植被斑块为研究对象,调查草甸斑块中心与边缘植物群落特征,测定斑块边缘0～10 cm土层和斑块中心0～20 cm土层的容重、含水率、毛管孔隙度等土壤物理性质,并开展单根拉伸和根-土复合体直剪试验。结果表明：受优势种矮嵩草的分布影响,地上生物量主要分布在斑块中心,根系主要分布在0～10 cm土层;斑块中心区域土壤抗剪强度、内摩擦角和粘聚力均随土层深度的增加而减小;斑块边缘区域土壤粘聚力,抗剪强度明显高于斑块中心区域,草甸斑块植物根系是土壤抗剪强度的主要影响因素。草甸斑块根-土复合体能明显增加退化草甸土壤的抗侵蚀能力,研究结果可为深入研究高寒草甸根系固土功能及水土流失调控提供科学依据。     

不同供磷水平小麦苗期根系特征与其相对产量的关系

研究了缺磷条件下不同基因型小麦苗期根系形态学及生理学适应特征 ,结果表明 :在缺磷环境中 ,小麦根轴数量和侧根长度明显减小 ,同化物向根部的分配比例增加 ,根轴长度、侧根数量和根系长度等均是显著提高。供试基因型小麦的根轴数量及其长度的差异在每个供磷水平及不同供磷水平之间均是显著的 ,说明这两种性状的差异是由基因型和环境因素共同决定的 ;而侧根特征的差异只在不同供磷水平之间是显著的 ,表明侧根性状主要是受环境因素控制的。对 6种基因型小麦的研究表明 ,高磷水平的小麦种子根的生长角度明显低于低磷处理的小麦 ,根角之间存在着显著的基因型差异。在缺磷条件下 ,6种基因型小麦完整根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性、根轴数量、根轴长度、根生长角度和根系长度之间均存在着显著的基因型差异。相关分析表明 ,缺磷条件下的小麦苗期根系形态指标和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性的交互作用与小麦的相对产量之间具有显著的线性关系 ,这种关系说明以上 5种性状均可作为早期有效地筛选磷高效小麦品种的指标     

Methods and Techniques to Enhance the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Hairy Roots

Hairy roots culture is a new means to gain the plant secondary metabolites. How to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in hairy roots becomes a new hotspot recently. The authors summarize recent trends and results about the increase of the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plant hairy roots. The change of culture conditions and the application of biotechnologies can enhance the production of secondary metabolites in hairy roots.     

非充分灌溉条件下水稻根系生长发育特征研究

以广西桂林站水稻非充分灌溉试验的实测资料为基础，分析比较了不同稻田水分条件下水稻根系的形态、类型、根系数量及分布特点，同时，对非充分灌溉条件下水稻根系的生长发育特征及其对产量影响的机理进行了初步研究。其结果对指导有效、省水的稻田灌溉具有重要意义。     

梭梭幼苗根系分泌物提取方法的研究

为了探讨梭梭根系分泌物中的化学成分,本文采用水浸提取和循环灌溉两种方法对梭梭幼苗根系分泌物进行收集和提取,结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术,分析梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中组分和含量的差异。实验结果表明:循环灌溉收集的梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中检测到35种化合物,包括酚醌类、醛酮类、醇类、酸类、脂类和胺类化合物;硅烷化处理后,主要增加部分强极性有机酸,如苯甲酸。水浸提取梭梭幼苗根系分泌物的中性相组分共检测出27种化合物,但未检测到酚醌类化合物;碱性相组分共检测出23种化合物,醛酮类化合物种类减少,烷烃类化合物种类增加;酸性相组分中仅检测到10种化合物,以醇类化合物为主,占检出化合物总量的72.62%。收集梭梭幼苗根系分泌物循环灌溉是一种有效的方法。     

干旱胁迫及复水对棉花幼苗根系氮代谢的影响

以不同耐旱型棉花品种"新陆早7号"和"新陆早24号"幼苗为试材,研究持续干旱胁迫及复水对棉花幼苗根系氮代谢关键酶活性、可溶性蛋白质、总氮和游离氨基酸含量的影响。结果显示:随着干旱胁迫天数的增加,"新陆早7号"和"新陆早24号"硝酸还原酶(NR)活性与对照相比分别降低45.03%和62.37%,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性分别降低53.22%和67.23%,谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性分别降低54.92%和79.28%,谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性在处理4d达到最大值,5d时下降,可溶性蛋白质含量分别增加了87.38%和77.12%,总氮含量分别增加了14.01%和12.14%,铵离子含量分别增加了232.02%和263.47%。干旱胁迫使"新陆早7号"在胁迫前期游离氨基酸含量增加慢,后期增加快,"新陆早24号"游离氨基酸含量的变化趋势与"新陆早7号"则相反。复水后,"新陆早7号"NR活性、GS活性、GOGAT活性和GDH活性恢复较快,内肽酶活性和游离氨基酸、铵离子、可溶性蛋白质和总氮含量下降也较快。试验表明,耐旱型棉花品种具有较强的铵离子同化能力,可增加渗透调节物质游离氨基酸含量,特别是脯氨酸含量,有助于增强其耐旱性。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus uptake of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in alkaline soil environment

Abstract

Inoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P) transfer from composted dung of cattle with a diet supplemented with powdered rock phosphate (RP) and their successive uptake by mung bean plants was assessed in alkaline soil. The efficacy of composted RP fed dung alone or/and in combination with AMF inoculums containing six different species were compared with SSP in six replicates per treatment in pots. The results showed that the association of AMF with composted RP fed dung had a positive effect on mung bean shoot (3.04?g) and root (2.62?g) biomass, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoid contents and N (58.38?mg plant^?1) and P (4.61?mg plant^?1) uptake. Similarly, the percent roots colonization (56%) and nodulation of mung bean plant roots and their post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the inoculation of AMF together with composted RP fed dung. It is concluded that the combined application of AMF with composted RP fed dung has almost the same effect as SSP for improving mung bean plants growth and their nutrients uptake. Moreover, AMF inoculants can be used as a suitable biofertilizer in combination with locally available organic sources of fertilizers for improving P status and growth of plants in alkaline soils.