Spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity in response to farmers’ evolved settlements in Shanghai

The expansion of the Shanghai metropolitan region has caused a substantial amount of farmland to become urbanized. Most farmers have lost their land and have been relocated from villages to new collective settlements, resulting in dramatic changes in the landscape pattern. This study explores the effects of this transformation on the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant diversity. We randomly sampled 22 plots comprising 294 subplots within two crossed transects that pass through 5 traditional villages and 17 new settlements. The results show that resettlement has exerted significant effects on plant species diversity, both temporally and spatially. Temporally, the Gleason index (GI) of total species over time could be ordered as 1990s > 2000s > 1980s, while Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) was ordered as 2000s > 1990s > 1980s. Spatially, the GI of total species decreased from the urban center to the exurbs or from the inside to the outside of the built-up areas. SHDI was highest in suburbs or ecotones. Furthermore, the GI of total species had significant correlations with those of indigenous species, exotic species, and planted species (r > 0.90, p < 0.01) as well as with the region and location of settlement (r < −0.48, p < 0.01). Both indigenous and exotic species had significant positive correlations with total species richness at 0.01 levels. Generally, compared with traditional settlements, new settlements displayed greater richness and diversity of plant species, primarily because of the exotic species present in new settlements. The farmers’ socio-economic status was found to be the primary cause of differences in species richness. To protect indigenous and wild species, it is necessary to take into account local knowledge in villages to encourage Chinese farmers to participate actively in community greening. A bridge should be built between traditional villages and modern settlements and between the past and future for farmers.     

贵州省易地扶贫搬迁的动力机制调查研究——以织金县和思南县为例

易地扶贫搬迁工作已顺利开展多年,贵州省农民因此受益,但搬迁后如何保障农民生计问题变得尤为重要。通过分析贵州省牛场镇和塘头镇易地扶贫搬迁的实战经验,发现贵州易地扶贫搬迁中存在多动力协调推进、动力主体多元化、扶贫方式多样化、配套措施及时落实的动力机制,两地在搬迁中的共性为:选址科学、发展特色经济、推进配套政策。     

迁站观测资料影响程度分析

利用山东省冠县气象站和莘县气象站1959～2009年的气压、气温、相对湿度、降水、风速、地面温度、日照观测记录,采用对比差值及趋势系数法,对搬迁站冠县站与邻站莘县站主要气象要素进行连续性差异分析。结果表明,1981以来冠县站探测环境受到城市化影响,使得主要气象要素较莘县站表现为气压偏低、气温偏高、相对湿度偏小、风速偏小、降水量偏多、地面温度偏高、日照时数偏少。     

易地扶贫搬迁中的“互惠性协同”及其运作

易地扶贫搬迁是贫困治理的重要探索。基于社会网络理论，易地扶贫搬迁运动中的关系网络及其运作机制得以呈现。研究发现，在搬迁过程中，以地方政府和企业为主体，包括村支两委、地方能人在内的、一个具有互惠协作性质的利益联盟已经形成。该联盟充分动员和吸纳了体制、市场和社会资源，为搬迁运动提供动力。易地扶贫搬迁动员通过问题化识别、积极分子参与和推动、双重激励驱动得以成功运作。在易地扶贫搬迁中，应积极探索“互惠性协同”的搬迁模式，建立稳定的长效机制。“互惠性协同”的提出，有利于丰富社会网络理论在中国情境中的多样性意涵。     

Assisted colonization: Integrating conservation strategies in the face of climate change

Global climate change poses an immense challenge for conservation biologists seeking to mitigate impacts to species and ecosystems. Species persistence will depend on geographic range shifts or adaptation in response to warming patterns as novel climates and community assemblages arise. Assisted colonization has been proposed as a method for addressing these challenges. This technique, which consists of transporting species to a new range that is predicted to be favorable for persistence under future climate scenarios, has become the subject of controversy and discussion in the conservation community due to its highly manipulative nature, questions about widespread feasibility, and uncertainty associated with the likelihood of translocated species becoming invasive. We reviewed the discussion and criticism associated with assisted colonization and sought to identify other conservation techniques that also display potential to promote the colonization and adaptation of species in response to climate change. We propose an integrated conservation strategy that includes management for habitat connectivity, conservation genetics, and when necessary, assisted colonization of species that are still unable to shift their ranges even given implementation of the above standard conservation approaches. We argue that this integrated approach will facilitate persistence for a larger proportion of species than is possible by solely using assisted colonization. Furthermore, a multi-faceted approach will likely reduce the uncertainty of conservation outcomes and will become increasingly necessary for conservation of biodiversity in a changing climate.     

易地扶贫搬迁集中安置社区治理困境与路径探究——以临沂市为例

做好易地扶贫搬迁集中安置社区治理工作,是巩固脱贫攻坚成果,实现乡村全面振兴的必然要求。临沂易地扶贫搬迁是由政府统一规划指导的社会空间迁移,所形成的安置社区是区别于新型农村社区的“过渡型”社区。基于后期治理的可持续发展,通过完善过渡期制度供给、履行党组织“轴心”职责、创新物业服务管理方式、推进“互联网+”治理模式、积极培育共同体意识等治理路径选择,确保搬迁群众稳得住、能致富。     

易地扶贫搬迁项目区土地利用合理性评价

合理利用土地资源是实施易地扶贫搬迁项目的内在要求。为探明扶贫搬迁项目区土地利用合理性及其制约因素,进一步给项目区土地资源利用指明方向。该文以中国西部山区典型贫困县——云南寻甸县的3个典型易地扶贫搬迁项目为实例,分析了搬迁项目区土地利用特征及原因,并对项目区土地利用合理性进行了评价研究。结果表明:1)在脆弱的自然地理环境及有限的项目投入资金成本等因素的限制之下,安置区(迁入区)用地以建设占用耕地为主,占用其他地类(林地和荒草地)为辅,新增建设用地比例较大。且占地地块坡度较陡,6°～25°地块是主要安置区域,少数安置区地形坡度大于25°。2)短期内,受到区域物资供应短缺、产业发展困难及传统文化思想和生活习俗等因素的制约,迁出区宅基地复垦、陡坡耕地退耕还林存在明显滞后现象。3)3个典型项目区土地利用合理度值均在0.50以上,其中,打磨箐搬迁项目为0.530 9,处于"低度不合理"等级;迤郎库搬迁项目和上龙潭箐搬迁项目分别为0.605 3和0.642 6,均处于"低度合理"等级。安置区地形坡度(I1)、迁出区宅基地复垦率(I6)与迁出区陡坡耕地退耕率(I7)是项目区土地利用合理性的共同制约因素。安置区离散度(I3)与安置区建设所占地类(I9)对项目区土地利用合理性产生不同程度的影响。4)安置区地形坡度(I1)、迁出区宅基地复垦率(I6)、迁出区陡坡耕地退耕率(I7)及安置区建设所占地类(I9)4个评价指标亦是全县易地扶贫搬迁项目区土地利用合理性的主要影响指标。     

哈尔滨农民回迁居住区户外景观设计模式初探

回迁居住区是城市化推进的产物之一。回迁居民在这里的生活模式和物质环境都与其本来状态存在许多矛盾与冲突,使得回迁者常出现“回而不适”现象,对农民生活、心理产生极大负面影响。文章以哈尔滨市城郊失地失宅农民为研究对象,通过对哈尔滨市现有回迁居住区进行实地调研,总结出农民回迁者审美的特异性和行为活动需求及农民回迁居住区户外空间环境存在的主要问题,最后提出满足于哈尔滨失地失宅农民审美情趣及行为需求的农民回迁居住区户外空间设计策略,让农民回迁者有一定的家园感与归属感。     

我国区域现代农业发展途径与战略重点

发展现代农业是推进农业现代化的必然要求和新农村建设的首要任务,我国幅员辽阔,不同区域应有相应的区域发展重点与布局。本文从剖析国家四大战略对区域农业发展的定位入手,指出区域农业战略制定必须服务于国家的区域目标,在此基础上,深入探讨了未来区域现代农业发展的思路、战略目标、功能定位、战略重点与战略布局。