Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

白菜型油菜和菜薹的InDel 标记开发及其RILs群体遗传连锁图谱的构建

 通过白菜型油菜‘R-O-18’和菜薹‘L58’的基因组重测序数据与白菜基因组的参考序列（‘Chiifu-401-42’的基因组序列）的比对,在全基因组范围内检测到了18 479 个短插入缺失变异位点（≤5 bp）。从中挑选了500 个插入/缺失片段为4 ~ 5 bp 的InDel 变异位点,将其设计成InDel 分子标记并进行试验验证,结果有452 个标记通过PCR 扩增出单一条带,但仅有106 个在‘R-O-18’和‘L58’间表现出多态性,346 个没有多态性,48 个在PCR 中没有扩增。亲本间具有多态性的106 个InDel 标记可用来检测以‘R-O-18’和‘L58’为亲本构建的RILs 基因型,并构建了一张包含99 个标记的遗传连锁图谱。     

Whole-genome re-sequencing association study on yearling wool traits in Chinese fine-wool sheep

To investigate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with yearling wool traits of fine-wool sheep for optimizing marker-assisted selection and dissection of the genetic architecture of wool traits, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) for yearling staple length (YSL), yearling mean fiber diameter (YFD), yearling greasy fleece weight (YGFW), and yearling clean fleece rate (YCFR) by using the whole-genome re-sequenced data (totaling 577 sheep) from the following four fine-wool sheep breeds in China: Alpine Merino sheep (AMS), Chinese Merino sheep (CMS), Qinghai fine-wool sheep (QHS), and Aohan fine-wool sheep (AHS). A total of 16 SNPs were detected above the genome-wise significant threshold (P = 5.45E-09), and 79 SNPs were located above the suggestive significance threshold (P = 5.00E-07) from the GWAS results. For YFD and YGFW traits, 7 and 9 SNPs reached the genome-wise significance thresholds, whereas 10 and 12 SNPs reached the suggestive significance threshold, respectively. For YSL and YCFR traits, none of the SNPs reached the genome-wise significance thresholds, whereas 57 SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. We recorded 14 genes located at the region of ±50-kb near the genome-wise significant SNPs and 59 genes located at the region of ±50-kb near the suggestive significant SNPs. Meanwhile, we used the Average Information Restricted Maximum likelihood algorithm (AI-REML) in the “HIBLUP” package to estimate the heritability and variance components of the four desired yearling wool traits. The estimated heritability values (h²) of YSL, YFD, YGFW, and YCFR were 0.6208, 0.7460, 0.6758, and 0.5559, respectively. We noted that the genetic parameters in this study can be used for fine-wool sheep breeding. The newly detected significant SNPs and the newly identified candidate genes in this study would enhance our understanding of yearling wool formation, and significant SNPs can be applied to genome selection in fine-wool sheep breeding.     

Identification and characterization of long-InDels through whole genome resequencing to facilitate fine-mapping of a QTL for plant height in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

With the development of sequencing technology, insertions-deletions (InDels) have been increasingly reported to be involved in the genetic determination of agronomical traits. However, most studies have focused on the identification and application of short-InDels (1–15 bp) for genetic analysis. The objective of this study was to deeply deploy long-InDels (>15 bp) for the genetic analysis of important agronomic traits in soybean. A total of 13 573 polymorphic long-InDels were identified between parents Zhongpin 03-5373 (ZP) and Zhonghuang 13 (ZH), which were unevenly distributed on 20 chromosomes of soybean, varying from 321 in Chr11 to 1 246 in Chr18. Consistent with the distribution pattern of annotated genes, the average density of long-InDels in arm regions was significantly higher than that in pericentromeric regions at the P=0.01 level. A total of 2 704 (19.9% of total) long-InDels were located in genic regions, including 319 large-effect long-InDels, which resulted in truncated or elongated protein sequences. A previously identified QTL (qPH16) underlying plant height was further analyzed, and it was found that 26 out of 35 (74.3%) long-InDel markers located in the qPH16 region showed clear polymorphisms between parents ZP and ZH. Seven markers, including three long-InDels and four previously reported SNP markers, were used to genotype 242 recombinant inbred lines derived from ZP×ZH. As a result, the qPH16 locus was narrowed from a 960-kb region to a 477.55-kb region, containing 65 annotated genes. Therefore, these long-InDels are a complementary genetic resource of SNPs and short-InDels for plant height and can facilitate genetic studies and molecular assisted selection breeding in soybean.     

甘蓝型油菜白花基因InDel连锁标记开发

碱基插入/缺失(InDel)是基因组上广泛分布的遗传变异形式。但甘蓝型油菜白花基因InDel连锁标记还未见有关研究报道。本研究以甘蓝型油菜双单倍体(doubledhaploid,DH)纯系黄花Y05和甘蓝型油菜纯系白花W01杂交构建F2群体。在F2群体中选取30株极端纯白花和30株极端纯黄花构建叶片DNA子代池,对亲本和DNA子代池进行30×重测序。以法国甘蓝型油菜Darmor-bzh为参考序列, QTL-seq流程和PoPoolation2流程相互结合鉴定白花基因候选区间, 2种方法均将白花基因定位于法国甘蓝型油菜Darmor-bzh C03染色体52～54 Mb区间。利用IGV软件可视化白花基因候选区间插入缺失(InDel)变异位点,依据候选区间序列信息设计InDel引物,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳筛选到8个与白花基因连锁共分离的InDel标记。上述研究为甘蓝型油菜白花基因精细定位和分子标记辅助选育以及白花基因功能标记开发奠定了研究基础和工作思路。     

猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式克隆及其多态性分析

【目的】获得猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式编码区序列,了解其序列特征,分析猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式的多态性及其与繁殖性能间的相关性。【方法】以五指山猪睾丸组织的cDNA为模板,采用克隆测序技术获得猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式编码区序列。利用DNASTAR对CBR1不同拷贝形式编码的氨基酸序列进行分析。利用DNAMAN软件分析猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式间的同源性,及其与多个哺乳动物间的同源性。利用ExPaSy提供的Protparam 在线软件分析猪CBR1基因不同拷贝的蛋白质理化特性。采集136头大白和47头长白繁殖母猪耳组织样,提取基因组DNA,采用PCR-测序检测猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式的多态位点,分析其与繁殖性能的相关性。【结果】猪CBR1基因的3个不同拷贝形式均编码3个外显子,其编码区序列全长分别为870,870和846bp,其12-18位氨基酸残基均为保守的GlyXXXGlyXGly序列,符合CBRs家族的结构特性。同源性比对结果显示,CBR1基因不同拷贝形式的CDS序列同源性达87%以上,不同哺乳动物间的CBR1基因的CDS序列同源性达82%以上,可见哺乳动物CBR1基因在进化过程中比较保守。CBR1的3种不同拷贝形式编码蛋白质的理化特性较为相近,均不稳定,且为亲水性蛋白,说明其3个不同拷贝形式可能在体内发挥着类似的功能。多态性分析结果显示,拷贝V1中发现5个SNP位点,拷贝V2中发现4个SNP位点,拷贝V3中发现2个SNP位点。大白猪中,拷贝V1的启动子上游153 bp处的A/T突变和外显子3的379 bp处的C/T突变,拷贝V2上游10 bp处的AC插入突变、外显子1-63 bp处C/T突变和内含子1-76 bp处G/T突变与产活仔数显著相关。长白猪中的SNP位点则与繁殖性能不相关。【结论】获得了猪CBR1基因不同拷贝形式的编码区序列,发现了5个与大白猪经产仔数显著相关的SNP位点,CBR1基因可能作为有价值的候选基因应用于大白猪的繁殖性能选育。     

QTL analysis for plant height and fine mapping of two environmentally stable QTLs with major effects in soybean

Plant height is an important agronomic trait, which is governed by multiple genes with major or minor effects. Of numerous QTLs for plant height reported in soybean, most are in large genomic regions, which results in a still unknown molecular mechanism for plant height. Increasing the density of molecular markers in genetic maps will significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of QTL mapping. This study constructed a high-density genetic map using 4 011 recombination bin markers developed from whole genome re-sequencing of 241 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and their bi-parents, Zhonghuang 13 (ZH) and Zhongpin 03-5373 (ZP). The total genetic distance of this bin map was 3 139.15 cM, with an average interval of 0.78 cM between adjacent bin markers. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that this genetic map showed a high collinearity with the soybean reference genome. Based on this bin map, nine QTLs for plant height were detected across six environments, including three novel loci (qPH-b_11, qPH-b_17 and qPH-b_18). Of them, two environmentally stable QTLs qPH-b_13 and qPH-b_19-1 played a major role in plant height, which explained 10.56–32.7% of the phenotypic variance. They were fine-mapped to 440.12 and 237.06 kb region, covering 54 and 28 annotated genes, respectively. Via the function of homologous genes in Arabidopsis and expression analysis, two genes of them were preferentially predicted as candidate genes for further study.     

基于DNA池重测序技术研究细毛羊LAMB1基因的SNPs分析

层粘连蛋白β1 (laminin-beta-1,LAMB1)作为层粘连蛋白家族成员之一,在生物过程中发挥极为重要的作用.为了分析细毛羊(Ovis aries)毛性状相关候选基因LAMB1的遗传效应,本研究通过DNA池重测序技术筛选了LAMB1基因外显子区的5个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs),对其使用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(single strand conformation polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction products,PCR-SSCP)技术分型,在此基础上,利用SAS 8.1的GLM程序分析其对新疆巩乃斯种羊场418只细毛羊毛性状的遗传效应,利用HaploView 4.2软件进行连锁不平衡(linkagedisequilibrium,LD)分析.结果显示,该细毛羊群体遗传变异处于中等水平,LAMB1的5个SNPs发生错义突变.SNP2中AA和GA基因型个体鉴定时体重、剪毛后体重极显著高于GG基因型个体(P＜0.O1);SNP4中CC、TT和TC基因型个体间的自然长度差异极显著(P＜0.01),CC基因型个体的剪毛后体重极显著高于TT和TC基因型的个体(P＜0.01);而其他SNPs各基因型个体间的部分毛性状有显著差异(P＜0.05).SNP1和SNP3、SNP2和SNP3处于连锁不平衡状态,LAMB1基因可作为具有潜在应用价值的细毛羊毛性状分子标记之一.本研究揭示了L4MB1基因的分子遗传特征及其与细毛羊群体的遗传关系,为高效选育细毛羊经济性状及对其种质资源的保护与利用提供了分子学基础.