夏橙果实发育后期及返青期类胡萝卜素积累及乙烯的调控

 【目的】明确夏橙发育后期转黄及返青过程中类胡萝卜素积累及关键合成酶基因表达的变化及乙烯的调控作用。【方法】将夏橙果实发育的后期和成熟过程分为转黄期（P1—P4）及返青期（P5—P7）共7个时期,通过比色法和Northern-blotting法分析发育后期成熟过程中及乙烯作用下果皮中类胡萝卜素的含量及其合成关键酶PSY、PDS和ZDS基因表达水平的变化。【结果】证实P1—P7发育过程中果皮发生由青至黄,继而返青的颜色变化,与果皮中类胡萝卜素积累及其合成途径中PSY、PDS和ZDS基因表达水平的变化趋势一致。乙烯可促进转黄期夏橙果皮中类胡萝卜素积累及PSY基因的表达,而对PDS和ZDS基因表达的影响不显著。乙烯处理不影响返青期果实中类胡萝卜素的积累,但能够阻碍果实成熟后期PSY和PDS基因表达水平的减弱。【结论】夏橙果实在发育后期及成熟过程中,乙烯在转黄期及返青期对类胡萝卜素积累及PSY和PDS基因表达的影响不同,暗示乙烯的调控作用还受果实发育相关因子的影响。在夏橙转黄期可以用乙烯促进转黄着色,而在返青期利用乙烯不能达到脱绿的效果。     

The paramount influence of nitrate in increasing apoplastic pH of young sunflower leaves to induce Fe deficiency chlorosis,and the re-greening effect brought about by acidic foliar sprays

The main objective of the present work was to clarify the causal relationship between leaf apoplastic pH increase and Fe chlorosis under alkaline growth conditions. It has been shown that nitrate supply in contrast to ammonium supply induced a pH increase in the apoplast of young green leaves of Helianthus annuus which was followed within 12 hours by leaf yellowing. Hence nitrate nutrition is the primary cause of a high leaf apoplastic pH which induces Fe deficiency chlorosis and not the impaired provision of ATP for plasmalemma H⁺ pumps in yellow leaves. Supply of bicarbonate in physiological concentrations had virtually no influence on leaf apoplastic pH. Spraying leaves with diluted acids (citric acid, sulphuric acid) resulted in a decrease of apoplastic pH followed by leaf re-greening. Interestingly, the Fe concentrations remained the same in the yellow control leaves and in the sprayed green leaves. From this it follows that Fe efficiency in leaves is mainly related to the Fe distribution between apoplast and symplast. It was demonstrated that Fe chlorosis induced by nitrate nutrition begins from the base of the youngest leaves, presumably from growing interveinal microsites showing high nitrate uptake rates. Leaf yellowing spread gradually from the leaf base to the tip and after seven days of nitrate supply the leaf was almost completely yellow (98%). Leaf yellowing was measured by means of a video imaging technique. Leaf apoplastic pH recordings were conducted after loading the fluorescent dye FITC-Dextran (4000 D) into the leaf apoplast of intact plants thus simulating in vivo conditions. It was also shown using the new loading technique that the fluorescent dye did not penetrate the leaf symplast.