Effect of Completion of Vernalization on Generative Development of Winter Rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) Plants

Germinating seeds and young plants of winter rape var. Górczañski were vernalized for 56–63 days under conditions of 9-hour day, at the temperature 2 and 5 °C and in continuous darkness at the temperature 2 °C. After vernalization the plants grew under conditions enabling to complete vernalization: in a glass-house at the temperature day/night 15/10 °C and in semi natural conditions of open vegetation hall in the period from June till August. After sub-optimal vernalization further growth of the plants at lowered temperature increased its effectiveness (completion of vernalization). Depending on the degree of the vernalization of the plants the completion of their vernalization was both obligatory, i.e. conditioning the acquisition of the ability of generative development, and facultative i.e. accelerating this development. It has been demonstrated that the population of plants of the examined variety is strongly differentiated not only with respect of vernalization requirements in the particular plants, but also what regards the effectiveness of vernalization completion. New observations have been made indicating that the mechanisms controlling the successive phases of generative development, i.e. phase of forming flower buds and the flowering phase are not identical which may be interpreted as indicating that the "flowering factor" is polymorphous.     

Sporulation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae (light leaf spot) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) leaves inoculated with ascospores or conidia at different temperatures and wetness durations

In controlled environment experiments, sporulation of Pyrenopeziza brassicae was observed on leaves of oilseed rape inoculated with ascospores or conidia at temperatures from 8 to 20°C at all leaf wetness durations from 6 to 72 h, except after 6 h leaf wetness duration at 8°C. The shortest times from inoculation to first observed sporulation ( l ₀), for both ascospore and conidial inoculum, were 11–12 days at 16°C after 48 h wetness duration. For both ascospore and conidial inoculum (48 h wetness duration), the number of conidia produced per cm² leaf area with sporulation was seven to eight times less at 20°C than at 8, 12 or 16°C. Values of Gompertz parameters c (maximum percentage leaf area with sporulation), r (maximum rate of increase in percentage leaf area with sporulation) and l ₃₇ (days from inoculation to 37% of maximum sporulation), estimated by fitting the equation to the observed data, were linearly related to values predicted by inserting temperature and wetness duration treatment values into existing equations. The observed data were fitted better by logistic equations than by Gompertz equations (which overestimated at low temperatures). For both ascospore and conidial inoculum, the latent period derived from the logistic equation (days from inoculation to 50% of maximum sporulation, l ₅₀) of P. brassicae was generally shortest at 16°C, and increased as temperature increased to 20°C or decreased to 8°C. Minimum numbers of spores needed to produce sporulation on leaves were ≈25 ascospores per leaf and ≈700 conidia per leaf, at 16°C after 48 h leaf wetness duration.     

玉米青枯病病原腐霉对其伴生镰刀菌的影响

 本试验以玉米青枯病病原肿囊腐霉(Pythium inflatum Malthews)与禾生腐霉(Pythium gramlnicola Subram)为材料,着重研究了两种腐霉的生长与代谢对其伴生病原禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum Schw.)的影响,结果表明:1.腐霉的定殖生长能力弱于禾谷镰刀菌。在腐霉菌落上,禾谷镰刀菌仍可生长,而在禾谷镰刀菌菌落上,腐霉则不能生长。2.在伴生条件下,腐霉被镰刀菌覆盖的时间长短随接种间隔而有变化,接种间隔愈短,则覆盖愈快。3.两种腐霉的培养滤液均对禾谷镰刀菌的孢子萌发与芽管伸长及菌落扩展有明显的促进作用,表明滤液中含有对镰刀菌生长有利的活性成分。4.腐霉培养滤液对禾谷镰刀菌红色色素的产生有一定的抑制作用,其原因可能与腐霉的嗜糖性有关。5.田间结果表明,腐镰复合接种的发病率接近禾谷镰刀菌单菌接种,但低于腐霉单菌接种。     

油菜撒播轻型栽培技术研究Ⅵ.油菜撒播轻型栽培技术的大面积示范

2003~2005年度在贵州省安顺市西秀区七眼桥镇用油研7号、油研10号、油研8号等进行油菜撒播高产、高效的轻型配套栽培技术试验示范,面积分别为3.41 hm2和100 hm2,平均单产分别达164.1 kg/667m2和133.2 kg/667m2。其中,2004年验收的10块地(测量面积合计0.685 hm2)的撒播油菜平均产量为158.9 kg/667m2,最高产量达210~230 kg/667m2;2005年验收各类田块19块(面积合计1.159 hm2),单产105~206.3 kg/667m2。除去人工(每个工按15元计)、牛工(每个工按30元计)、物资投入外,667m2纯收入达189.57元,单个劳动力的产值达35.83元,比同地育苗移栽分别高131.11元/667m2和17.83元/个,比当地传统的苦油菜(芥菜型)撒播栽培增收175.72元/667m2。     

青稞镰孢根腐病病原鉴定及致病性分析

为明确青稞镰孢根腐病的病原,于青稞苗期及成株期分别对甘肃省甘南藏族自治州合作市、临潭县和卓尼县等青稞主产区的根腐病发生情况进行调查并采集样品,采用常规的组织分离法分离其病原,结合形态特征和分子生物学进行病原鉴定,并用烧杯水琼脂法和盆栽法测定其致病性。结果表明,青稞镰孢根腐病在甘肃省甘南藏族自治州分布广泛,发病率在5%～20%之间。发病植株长势弱、发黄,茎基部缢缩、腐烂,穗白粒瘪,茎秆发褐或黑红。共分离得到88株青稞镰孢根腐病病原菌,苗期50株,成株期38株,经鉴定分别为燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti、三线镰孢F.tricinctum、柔毛镰孢F.flocciferum、锐顶镰孢F.acuminatum及F.langsethiae。盆栽法和烧杯水琼脂法所测得的致病性差异显著,但均表明燕麦镰孢综合致病力较强,结合其分离率,确认燕麦镰孢为优势病原。     

种苗处理对麦冬生长的影响及其控病效果研究

为了明确种苗处理对麦冬生长的影响及其控病效果,指导麦冬优质安全生产.以川麦冬为供试材料,采用田间小区试验,研究了 6种药剂3种种苗处理方式对麦冬种苗成活、生长和产量的影响,以及对炭疽病、根腐病的控病效果.结果表明木霉T23制剂、多抗霉素和噁霉灵处理种苗,可显著提高麦冬种苗成活率,促进麦冬分蘖、增加块根数、使块根伸长增粗...     

生物农药壳寡糖水剂防治小麦纹枯病药效试验

通过对10%壳寡糖水剂助剂用量的影响、助剂对药效的影响、pH值对制剂贮存稳定性的影响试验,筛选出10%壳寡糖水剂的最佳配方,防治小麦纹枯病的试验结果表明,室内处理剂量600μg·mL-1、田间处理剂量1500 μg·mL-1对小麦纹桔病的防治效果可达88.40%～90.60%,且对供试作物安全.     

稻田免耕直播油菜出苗及杂草发生的研究

研究结果表明,浅耕油菜的出苗高峰期和出苗终止期分别为播后14d和播后49d,而免耕的分别为播后21d和播后63d,浅耕的出苗集中在播后7~21d,而免耕的出苗集中在播后14~28d。杂草发生量浅耕的比免耕的明显减少,杂草以看麦娘为主,发生量最大。     

接种方法和接种时期对不同玉米杂交组合穗腐病抗性鉴定的影响

为研究不同接种方法和接种时期对玉米拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病(Fusarium verticillioides ear rot,FER)抗性鉴定的影响,选取高抗×高抗、高抗×高感、高感×高感组合各3份,2022年在北京顺义和河南新乡分别用针刺果穗注射法与双牙签法在玉米吐丝后5、10、15 d进行接种。结果表明,吐丝后5、10和15 d接种,针刺果穗注射法分别比双牙签法的平均病情严重度高6.3%、3.9%和1.8%;吐丝后5 d接种,不同组合采用针刺果穗注射法接种未达到显著差异,采用双牙签法达到极显著差异(P<0.01);吐丝后10 d和15 d接种,不同组合使用针刺果穗注射法均达到极显著(P<0.01)差异,牙签法均未达到显著差异。采用双牙签法接种时,建议吐丝后5 d接种;采用针刺果穗注射法接种时,建议吐丝后10～15 d接种。     

我国油菜全程机械化现状与技术影响因素分析

从生产与需求、种植区域分布、品种特点和生产机械化等角度出发,概述了我国油菜生产现状,分析了油菜生产全程机械化等技术问题;根据品种特点、种植方式、收获工艺3个方面与机械化的关系,阐述了油菜全程机械化的技术影响因素,指出了推进我国油菜生产机械化的主要技术途径.通过研究分析可知:油菜全程机械化是一个复杂的系统工程,必须从品种培育、规范农艺技术、改进和开发机械装备等3方面协调地解决;必须针对各主产区品种特点、自然条件和经济条件,集成并融合单项技术,建立油菜机械化的区域技术模式和技术体系,系统地推进油菜机械化发展.