土著B[a]P降解菌群的富集及最佳降解条件研究

为了获得能够降解苯并[a]芘(BaP)的微生物菌群,为生物修复多环芳烃污染的土壤提供菌种资源,本试验从长期石油污染的土壤中,富集了一个能够降解BaP的微生物菌群,并研究了其最佳降解条件,通过高通量测序研究了其群落结构。该菌群可以在15 d内将30 mg·L^-1的BaP降解33.34%。高通量测序的结果表明,该菌群主要由Bacillus、Zobellella、Gordonia和Rheinheimera组成,其中Bacillus是主要的降解菌。试验结果表明,该菌群的最佳降解条件为1%盐度,酵母浓度为80 mg·L^-1,pH值7.0。该菌群对芘、菲、荧蒽等多环芳烃也有一定的降解效果,其中荧蒽的降解效果最好,降解率达到99%。试验结果表明,该菌群在实际应用中具有很大的潜力。     

不同玉米品种萌发期耐芘胁迫的响应差异

为了评定不同玉米品种对芘的耐性强弱,确定合适的筛选指标和筛选浓度,以0mg·L-（1T0,对照）、0.5mg·L-（1T1）、1.0mg·L-（1T2）和2.0mg·L-（1T3）4个芘处理浓度,采用毒理学试验方法系统评价了14个玉米品种萌发期耐芘胁迫的差异。结果表明,不同品种玉米根干重、芽干重、根长和芽长都受到芘的影响,且这种影响的程度随着芘处理浓度不同而不同,不同品种玉米萌发对不同芘处理浓度的响应也不同,其中2.0mg·L-1的浓度处理适合进行玉米耐芘品种的筛选与鉴定。以根干重、芽干重、总干重、根长和芽长的性状相对值（处理测定值/对照测定值×100%）作为幼苗耐性指数（tolerance indices,TI）适合作为筛选指标。基于耐性指数对各玉米品种耐性进行聚类分析,将14个玉米品种聚为耐性、较耐性、较敏感和敏感4类。     

低浓度环糊精强化Fenton试剂降解液相中茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的试验研究

为了研究Fenton试剂对液相中茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的降解效果,采用实验室内试验方法,考察并确定了H2O2浓度、FeSO4浓度、反应时间、pH值以及低浓度环糊精等因素对降解的影响。结果表明,使用Fenton试剂可以有效降解液相中的茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘。在降解过程中,对初始浓度为2.5mg·L-1的茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘,当H2O2浓度为20.0mmol·L-1,FeSO4浓度为3.0mmol·L-1时降解较为有效,去除率可达到62.88%,浓度过高或者过低都不利于反应的发生。Fenton氧化降解茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的反应在60min内可以完成,并且pH值控制在3时更加有利于降解。反应体系中加入低浓度环糊精可以增加茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘在水相中的溶解度,当加入HPCD的浓度为3mg·L-1时,Fenton试剂对茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的氧化去除率可由62.88%提高至71.24%。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌去除水中芘-镉复合污染的特性

考察了嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)对芘的降解及对镉(Cd)的吸附,并初步探讨了其修复芘、Cd单一污染和复合污染的机理.结果表明,随着芘浓度的升高,S.maltophilia对芘的降解率先上升后下降,在浓度为2mg· L-1时,降解率最高,经4d达到65.74％.复合污染情况下,低浓度Cd(浓度小于0.5 mg· L-1)对菌降解芘没有显著的影响,当Cd浓度为5、10 mg·L-1时,则会抑制S.maltophilia降解芘,且不利于Cd的去除.扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示,S.maltophilia在各污染体系中基本能保持完整形态,芘、Cd复合污染体系对菌体毒性作用最强,可导致菌体表面凹陷,少量菌体出现胀破现象.傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明,随时间延长以及降解/吸附,芘-Cd会对S.maltophilia细胞表面基团产生影响.     

菲、芘对蚕豆的氧化胁迫和DNA损伤

以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表物,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究了菲、芘对蚕豆的氧化胁迫;利用彗星实验分析了菲、芘对蚕豆DNA的损伤效应;将蚕豆幼苗根经抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,暴露于菲、芘污染,研究了DNA损伤与氧化胁迫间的关系。结果表明,供试条件下菲、芘污染导致蚕豆幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性提高和MDA含量上升,且MDA含量与菲、芘浓度均显著正相关;蚕豆根尖细胞DNA损伤随菲、芘暴露浓度的升高而增大,0~50 mg·kg-1菲污染条件下彗星图像尾矩(TM)值从46.41μm(阴性对照)增加到122.04μm(50 mg·kg-1菲污染处理),增大了162.96%。50mg·kg-1芘暴露下TM值从阴性对照的44.30μm增至110.36μm,增大了149.21%。经抗氧化剂维生素E预处理,蚕豆的DNA损伤程度减小。综上可知,菲、芘对蚕豆产生氧化胁迫并造成根尖细胞DNA损伤,菲、芘诱导的DNA损伤与氧化胁迫有关。     

Time course of the incidence/multiplicity and histopathological features of murine colonic dysplasia,adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced by benzo[a]pyrene and dextran sulfate sodium

Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is mutagenic but noncarcinogenic in the murine colon. Recently, we reported rapid induction of colonic tumors by treatment of CD2F₁ mice with BP (125 mg/kg for 5 days) followed by a colitis inducer, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (4% in drinking water for 1 or 2 weeks). However, there are no reports on detailed time course and histopathological features of colonic proliferative lesions in this model. Here, we show the detailed time course of colonic dysplasia, adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced by treatment with BP, DSS, and a combination of the two (BP/DSS). In the colon of mice exposed to BP/DSS, 14.6 dysplastic foci per mouse were present one week after DSS treatment (week 4). The number of dysplastic foci decreased with time to 3.1 at week 9 and thereafter remained almost constant. At week 4, 1.5 adenocarcinomas were also observed, with a marked increase in numbers with time, reaching 29.3 at week 14. In contrast, the number of dysplastic foci induced by DSS alone showed a time course similar to that following BP/DSS treatment; however, only a few tumors appeared. Neither dysplastic foci nor neoplastic lesions were induced by BP only. In mice exposed to BP/DSS, β-catenin was demonstrated immunohistochemically in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of the tumor cells, and this translocation from the cell membrane was evident in subsets of dysplastic foci. In dysplastic foci induced by DSS alone, β-catenin was absent in the nucleus/cytoplasm. These finding suggest that aberrant β-catenin accumulation in dysplastic foci is associated with tumor progression in this BP/DSS model.     

苯并_a_芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏芳烃羟化酶活性的影响

研究了苯并(a)芘(BaP)胁迫下大弹涂鱼肝脏芳烃羟化酶(AHH)活性的变化,结果显示BaP对大弹涂鱼肝脏AHH活性总体表现为显著的诱导作用(P＜0.01),其中BaP暴露的浓度及时间是影响AHH活性的重要因素.0.05mg@L-1浓度的BaP暴露对AHH活性无显著影响,而0.2mg@L-1和0.5mg@L-1浓度组AHH活性则显著被诱导(P＜0.01).随着暴污时间的延长,0.2mg@L-1浓度组AHH活性被显著诱导(P＜0.01),而0.5mg@L-1组AHH活性则相对稳定.对AHH活性变化的剂量-效应关系进行回归分析的结果表明,0.5mg@L-1浓度组暴露7d时,AHH活性受到一定程度的抑制.污染解除后,0.5mg@L-1浓度组AHH活性显著降低,恢复至与对照组相近,表明大弹涂鱼肝脏仍具有较强的生理调节机能,同时也表明AHH活性可及时反映环境中BaP的水平.以上这些结果表明AHH适于作为大弹涂鱼受BaP胁迫的生物指标.     

打叶复烤各工序对卷烟主流烟气氢氰酸与苯并[a]芘、巴豆醛释放量的影响研究

选择红花大金元B3F、C3F、X2F 烟叶,对打叶复烤各工序卷烟主流烟气氢氰酸、苯并[a]芘和巴豆醛释放量进行研究。结果表明：各工序上部烟叶卷烟样品的HCN释放量最高,下部烟叶的最低,一润工序较处理前较大幅度提高了上部烟叶氢氰酸释放量;二润工序与一润工序相比,下部烟叶苯并[a]芘释放量降低9.36%;复烤工序与二润工序相比,下部烟叶巴豆醛释放量降低14.96%,中部烟叶苯并[a]芘释放量降低17.29%。综合结果,上部烟叶各工序间样品的主流烟气3种物质的变化强度都明显高于下部烟叶。     

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity of Eight Chemicals in a Systematic Approach (7 pp)

Background and Objective   Terrestrial ecotoxicity data are required for many research purposes. The data are derived either from the literature or elaborated by own investigations. As the terrestrial toxicity tests are usually time-consuming and labour intensive, the experiments are performed with a limited number of test organisms and soils. In the context of a project sponsored by CEFIC-LRI (European Chemical Industry Council – Long-Range Research Initiative), EC50-values were systematically elaborated for eight chemicals with a wide range of logKow-values (CdCl2, Trinitrotoluene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichlorophenol, Tributyltinchloride, Pentachlorophenol, Benzo(a)pyrene, p,p-dichloro-2,2-diphenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane). The substances were selected covering a broad range of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological properties. As toxicity endpoints, microbial activities, plant germination and growth as well as reproduction of earthworms and collembola were determined. As such systematic investigations are rarely performed and for some substances no data existed, the data pool is made available to the scientific community.Methods   All toxicity tests were conducted on three different soil types (sandy soil, silty soil, loamy soil), according to ISO and OECD guidelines Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Outlook   The different toxicities of the chemicals, the influence of soil properties on bioavailability as well as different sensitivities of test organisms and test parameters are reflected by the EC50-values. The results showed that the EC50-values calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations can significantly vary from EC50-values derived from analytical concentrations for some substances. To avoid false conclusions, this has to be considered especially when concentrations determined in the field are compared with toxicity data obtained from the literature or calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations. Moreover, the results indicate that terrestrial ecotoxicological tests should be accompanied by chemical analyses, to be sure to derive sound EC50-values. As the tests were performed according to international guidelines, the comprehensive data pool relevant for the terrestrial ecotoxicity of eight chemicals is considered to be of great value for further research and discussions dealing with the habitat function of soils.     

石油污染物在羊草中的残留

以油田外围未受污染的羊草作对照,分析了大庆油田开采区受落地原油污染的草原土壤及其上生长的羊草中的挥发酚、石油烃、芳烃和苯并[a]芘4种污染物的质量分数。结果表明,受到石油污染后,土壤中石油污染物质量分数可以达到土壤背景值的几十倍,污染的和清洁对照的羊草中4种污染物质量分数的差异极显著。在低背景值情况下,挥发酚和苯并[a]芘在羊草中的残留率分别达到13.54%和6.87%。污染羊草中的挥发酚、石油烃和苯并[a]芘3种污染物的残留量与土壤中的质量分数之间有着显著的线性关系。