干旱胁迫下保水剂对苗木生长及生理的影响

在盆栽条件下,对不同保水剂处理的土壤吸持水特性以及云南拟单性木兰和绒叶含笑苗的水分生理、生长状况进行试验研究。结果表明,随着保水剂用量的增加,土壤保水能力和供水能力增加,苗木在有限水分条件下生存期延长3-91 d,地径、树高、新增叶片分别增加了16.7％-461.2％,22.7％-368.2％,42.9％-372.7％;随着保水剂用量增加,土壤容重下降了6.2％-35.1％,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度明显增加了3.6％-20.3％和5.9％-22.6％;在有限水分条件下,通过不同保水剂处理能减少水分的胁迫,净光合速率增长8.9％-461.2％,蒸腾速率增长了22.2％-518.7％,气孔导度增长了4.2％-512.5％。     

意大利瓦勒拉尼整地系统与常规开沟犁整地效益对比分析

通过意大利瓦勒拉尼整地系统（由火车型犁和海豚型犁2种犁型构成,其中火车型犁近似水平沟式整地,海豚型犁近似大鱼鳞坑式整地）与常规开沟犁整地效益的对比试验,结果显示：同期覆土层（0～20 cm）的土壤含水量以瓦勒拉尼系统2种整地方式最高,是常规开沟犁整地的1.28倍和1.11倍。火车型犁整地的土壤容重为1.05 g/cm3,常规开沟犁整地为1.08 g/cm3,火车型犁整地后的土壤容重最小。瓦勒拉尼系统的火车型犁整地后的土壤毛管最大持水量是56.12%,远高于未整地的48.44%和普通犁整地的52.12%,分别是后两者的1.16倍和1.08倍。火车型犁整地后文冠果的地径达1.00 cm,是普通犁整地后地径0.42 cm的2.38倍;树高为0.93 m,是普通犁整地后树高0.53 m的1.75倍;保存率由59.30%提高至91.43%,提高了32.13个百分点;海豚型犁整地文冠果4年保存率则提高了13.42个百分点。     

北京地区重要古树土壤物理性状分析

以北京地区的代表性古树白皮松、侧柏、油松和国槐为研究对象,采用环刀法和烘干法对其土壤物理性质进行了测定,分析了不同类型古树土壤物理特性状况,为古树种的健康生长评价提供有效依据,并在一定程度上指导古树的复壮技术等。结果表明：（1）土壤含水量均值为10.6%,4种古树的土壤含水量均值表现为白皮松〉油松〉国槐〉侧柏;（2）土壤容重均值为1.20g/cm3,4种古树之间的差异不显著;（3）土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度的均值分别为20.7%,11.8%,9.0%,4种古树差异不显著,土壤通透性均不良。（4）土壤紧实度均值为2.19kg/m2,地域性差异显著。通过本文研究,可初步判断这4种古树的土壤物理条件并不是最适合植物生长的状态。     

泥炭覆土搅拌时间对覆土结构及双孢蘑菇产量和质量的影响

为优化双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)覆土技术,以泥炭为覆土材料,研究泥炭覆土搅拌时间对覆土物理结构以及对双孢蘑菇产量和质量的影响。结果证实,随搅拌时间的延长,泥炭覆土充气孔隙度降低,容重增加。充气孔隙度与双孢蘑菇产量高度正相关,但是与双孢蘑菇子实体大小及商品菇率高度负相关;覆土容重与双孢蘑菇产量高度负相关,但是与双孢蘑菇子实体大小及商品菇率高度正相关。搅拌时间较短的覆土(5~20 min),双孢蘑菇总产量较高,且每潮菇产量更均匀,更有利于工厂化生产。搅拌时间较长的覆土(40~120 min),双孢蘑菇子实体较大,但是会降低双孢蘑菇的总产量以及影响每潮菇产量的均匀性。本试验条件下泥炭覆土最适搅拌时间为10 min,双孢蘑菇3潮菇总产量34.5 kg/m~2,商品菇产量27 kg/m~2。研究初步揭示覆土物理结构对双孢蘑菇产量及质量的影响,为优化覆土技术及筛选优质覆土材料提供参考。     

茶叶加工过程中的物理特性变化规律

为了探讨茶叶加工过程中物理参数的变化规律,以春季茶叶为试验材料,分别采用103°恒重法、量筒法、仪器法、注入法和斜面法,研究探讨鲜叶、萎凋叶、杀青叶、揉捻叶、作形茶及成品茶的含水率、容重、孔隙率和休止角,以及茶叶与不同茶机材料静摩擦角的变化规律。研究结果表明,绿茶在加工过程中含水率从73.7%一直下降到4.2%,作形过程中含水率下降最显著,揉捻过程中含水率下降最少;绿茶加工过程中成品茶容重最大,鲜叶容重最小,各加工阶段茶叶的容重变化范围为74.5～210.3kg/m3;鲜叶的孔隙率最大,揉捻叶的孔隙率最小,茶叶在制品的孔隙率在0.696～0.732之间变化;在整个茶叶加工过程中,休止角都在50°～60°之间变化;茶叶在铝板上的静摩擦角最大,浸胶帆布带上的次之,而在铜板、镀锌钢、不锈钢和普通钢板上则相差不大,在所有茶机材料上,作形之后茶叶的静摩擦角最小。     

渠道边坡粘性土渗透系数的变化规律

就单向渗透固结过程中渗透系数的变化规律进行了探讨,通过对试验所测得的指标进行统计分析,得出了渗透系数k随孔隙比e变化的关系式,并对其精度进行分析。该关系式为水工建筑设计与施工提供了可参考的依据。     

Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compacting effect of rubber tracked tractors in comparison to that of the traditional wheeled tractors. Macroporosity, pore shape and size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were analysed in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) near Rome (Italy) following one and four passes on the same track of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. The soil structure attributes were evaluated by characterising porosity by means of image analysis of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Macroporosity decreased in the 0–10 cm layer of compacted soil, particularly after four tractor passes, due to a large reduction in the proportion of elongated pores and in their vertical continuity. The rubber tracked tractor had a more pronounced compaction effect in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than the wheeled tractor both after one and four passes; the latter treatment producing the lowest soil porosity. The same trend was observed for hydraulic conductivity, which showed a highly significant correlation with elongated pores. In the 10–20 cm layer the porosity was significantly decreased following traffic, apart from in the soil under one pass of the rubber tracked tractor. Again in this layer, the lowest values of porosity were found in soil after four passes of the rubber tracked tractor. Single and multiple passes made by the two tractors induced different effects regarding soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Increment ratio of penetration resistance after tractor passes with respect to the control was: 12.5 and 49.9% with the wheeled and 34.4 and 39.8% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. Increment ratio of dry bulk density values after tractor passes with respect to the control was 7.9 and 11.7% with the wheeled and 7.5 and 8.3% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. The tractor passes transformed the initial subangular blocky structure into a massive structure with sometimes a platy structure in the upper few centimetres. The results indicated that soil compaction following traffic with the rubber tracked tractor was generally the more pronounced. However the compacting effect of this tractor after one pass seemed to be limited to the surface layer only.     

徐州泉山自然保护区人工林下土壤容重与孔隙度时空变化研究

通过对设于泉山自然保护区人工侧柏林与刺槐林的4块测试样地的土壤容重进行测定,同时与裸地进行对比,结果表明,该保护区人工林下土壤容重与孔隙度随时间无确定的变化规律;而在人工林下土壤空间结构变化规律明显：不管在任何时间段,均表现出该土壤容重随土层深度增加而逐渐增大,土壤孔隙度随土层深度增加而逐渐减小的规律,并且侧柏林改变土壤容重的作用大于刺槐林。另外,该土壤容重均小于裸地,人工林通过腐殖质作用能够降低土壤容重,使其土壤通透性及保肥能力较好。     

缙云山不同林地类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能

通过分析不同林地类型土壤特性及林地枯落物水文特性,对缙云山4种类型(针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林)林地涵养水源功能进行了研究。结果表明,灌木林表土层有机质含量为楠竹林的3.75倍,针阔混交林有机质含量为楠竹林的2.22倍,常绿阔叶林有机质含量为楠竹林的1.53倍。枯落物蓄积量为16.21~32.42t/hm2,枯落物最大持水率次序为针阔混交林>灌木林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林,最大持水量为灌木林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>楠竹林。土壤非毛管持水量由大到小依次是灌木林(66.2 mm)>针阔混交林(57.52 mm)>常绿阔叶林(47.99 mm)>楠竹林(46.98 mm)。灌木林土壤饱和蓄水量最好,为266.48 mm;针阔混交林较好,为190.4 mm;常绿阔叶林次之,为186.8 mm;楠竹林最差,为1 74.8 mm。灌木林和针阔混交林较楠竹林有更好的涵养水源功能。在今后的森林经营中,应考虑营造灌木林和混交林。     

机械沙障抗拉力学特性研究——以临策铁路沿线高立式和平铺式沙障为例

为揭示机械沙障抗拉力学特性,优选合适的阻沙固沙材料,利用TY8000系列伺服控制机对试验对象进行纵向拉伸试验.结果表明:当孔隙度为均一型(全疏型或全密型)时,不同材料沙障的试样宽度与抗拉力均呈幂函数正相关,与抗拉强度呈幂函数负相关,其抗拉力与伸长量变化曲线均为单峰曲线;当材料相同时,不同孔隙度沙障的试样宽度与抗拉力均呈...