High frequency embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from mature caryposis of big bluestem and little bluestem

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash.] are native to the North America and are important forage grasses and ornamental grasses. Both grasses are proposed as ideal biomass producers for cellulosic ethanol production. To apply genetic transformation, which is an important tool for incorporating desirable agronomic traits into plants to both species, however requires an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol. We used mature caryopses from big and little bluestem as explants and tested the effect of various combinations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mg l⁻¹) and kinetin (KT) (0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg l⁻¹) on embryogenic callus induction with LS as the basal medium. The highest percentage of embryogenic calli induction occurred on medium containing 2, 4-D alone at 2 mg l⁻¹ for ‘Bison’ and on medium containing 4 mg l⁻¹ 2, 4-D alone for ‘Bonilla’ big bluestem. For little bluestem, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus induction occurred on medium containing 3 mg l⁻¹ 2, 4-D plus 0.1 mg l⁻¹ kinetin, suggesting that addition of KT is beneficial. Shoot regeneration took place on LS basal medium without any plant growth regulator for both species, although the addition of KT increased both regeneration frequency and the number of shoots produced per callus. Rooting of shoots reaching about 2 cm long occurred readily with or without α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooted plantlets were all successfully established in the soil.     

In ovo embryotoxicity of α-endosulfan adversely influences liver and brain metabolism and the immune system in chickens

There is a lack of laboratory-based embryonic chicken toxicity studies with the ecologically relevant low dose/s of endosulfan that utilizes a more practical approach such as the chorioallontoic membrane (CAM) injection. In this investigation, 2μg AR grade α-endosulfan/egg (40% of LD₅₀ for embryos) was injected through the CAM in 12-day-old chicken embryos and the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase, EC 3.1.3.9), fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase, EC 3.1.3.11), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase, EC 3.6.1.3) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.99.1) and DNA and RNA content in liver and brain tissues and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) in the latter were determined at 24, 48, and 72 h post-exposure. The wet weight of the embryos did not differ between groups. Following endosulfan exposure, except increase in the hepatic ATPase activity (P < 0.01), there was a significant decrease in the following parameters: G6Pase activity in both the liver and brain (P < 0.01), SDH activity in the brain (P < 0.01), brain overall DNA and RNA concentration (P < 0.05), brain AChE activity (P < 0.01). Exposure of 18-day-old embryos to 2-μg endosulfan for 24 h caused decrease (P < 0.01) in the lymphocyte count and IgG content. Histopathology of thymus and bursa of Fabricius revealed a reduction in the population of thymic follicles, smaller thymocytes with the clear vacuoles in cytoplasm and fewer bursocytes accompanied by infiltration of erythrocytes in lymphoid follicles of the endosulfan-treated embryos. It was inferred that in ovo injection of 0.041 μg/g egg weight of α-endosulfan suppress gluconeogenesis (main energy source in embryonic life), nerve transmission, and immunity.     

生长激素释放肽-6缓释微球的制备及其对动物生长的影响

以生物降解材料乳酸乙醇酸共聚物(PLGA,LA-GA 8515)为载体,采用复乳-液中蒸发法制备含生长激素释放肽-6的乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球,并通过体外药物释放试验评价载药微球的释药特征.结果得到收率、粒径大小和分布及含药量均满意的微球,其中包封率为100%,平均体积径为3.45μm,收率为79%.在37℃、pH7.0的生理等渗缓冲液中,首日释药19.19%,其后以平均日释药3.23%的速度释药25 d.小鼠肌肉注射微球30 d后,累积增重比注射生长激素释放肽-6、生理盐水分别高22.56%(P<0.05)和53.17%(P<0.01).结果表明,生长激素释放肽-6乳酸乙醇酸共聚物微球有望发展成为新型长效制剂.     

Study on Effects of the Reaction Conditions on Properties of Poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine)

The solubility and processability of polyaniline can be increased through aniline copoly with o-anisidine. Poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine) have good electrochromism .On condition that mole ratio between aniline and anisidine is 3:1,better reaction conditions of synthesizing poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine) with good solubility ,electrochromism and high yield was gotten through researches for effects of monomer ratio,monomer concentration,the amount of oxidant ,reaction times,reaction temperature,acid concentration on properties of poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine).The structure of polymers were characterized by IR spectrum.     

In vitro high frequency direct plant regeneration from whole leaves of blackberry

High frequency and direct (without callus) plant regeneration was achieved from whole leaf explants of thornless blackberry (Rubus hybrid) cv. Black Satin (EC No. 381258; PI No. 553272) in vitro. Leaf blade explants from 1-, 3- and 5-month-old mother cultures were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with thidiazuron (TDZ), N⁶-benzylaminopurine (BAP), indol-3-butyric acid (IBA) and α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), alone or in combination. Three-month explants cultured on 0.02 mg l⁻¹ TDZ produced a high regeneration frequency (91.7%) and the most shoots/leaf explant (17.3). The shoot primordia developed within 3 weeks from the point of detachment of the petiole from the leaf blade. The age of the explant source significantly affected the shoot regeneration potential of the leaf explants. Leaves excised from 3-month-old in vitro-cultured shoots performed better than those from 1- and 5-month-old shoots. Shoots rooted best on half-strength MS basal medium with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ IBA and 90% of the plantlets survived acclimatization. The regenerated plantlets were morphologically similar to the mother plants.     

Inhibition study of red rice polyphenols on pancreatic α-amylase activity by kinetic analysis and molecular docking

This study sought to investigate the possible inhibition mechanism of red rice polyphenols (RRP) on pancreatic α-amylase (PA) activity. RRP showed strong inhibition against PA activity and the half-inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value was 3.61 μg/mL. The fluorescence quenching of PA by RRP was a combination of static quenching and dynamic quenching. RRP could aggregate with PA and the physiochemical properties of the aggregates were closely related to the concentration of RRP. Kinetic analysis suggested that the inhibition mode of RRP on PA was reversible inhibition, which was a mixing of competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition. Molecular docking speculated that RRP could form hydrogen bonds with PA by binding to the catalytic active sites (ASP197, GLU233 and ASP300) and the microenvironments of TRP58 and TRP59 were altered, thus inhibiting PA activity.     

兔病毒性出血症病毒基因组3''端非编码区的分子克隆及生物信息学分析

采用3′RACE方法对兔病毒性出血症病毒(RHDV)JX／CHA／97株基因组3′端全序列进行了扩增、克隆和测序,并利用ONAstar和DNAman软件分析了RHDV JX／CHA／97株与各参比毒株3′NCR的序列同源性,用RNA structure软件对3′NCR的二级结构进行了预测和分析。结果表明,所扩增的目的基因片段长1500 bp,包括部分VP60基因序列、ORF2基因、3′端非编码区(3′Non Coding Region,3′NCR)和poly(A)尾巴,其中 3′NCR位于ORF2终止密码子TAG之后,长59 bp,poly(A)至少含有27个A;3′NCR序列具有较高的同源性 (93．5％-100％);3′NCR二级结构可以形成2个潜在的茎-环结构(SL1和SL2),其中SL2具有一定的保守性,其形状和形成位置与poly(A)尾巴的长度关系不大,但是SL1的结构和形成位置与poly(A)尾巴的存在与否密切相关,提示poly(A)尾巴与3′NCR高级结构的稳定性以及基因组复制有一定关系。     

不同盐碱胁迫对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】 研究盐碱胁迫对土壤细菌群落多样性及群落组成的影响。【方法】试验设置(NaCl、Na₂SO₄和Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃)三种盐碱胁迫类型和盐(碱)度。【结果】不同盐碱胁迫对土壤细菌群落α-多样性Shannon和Simpson指数影响不大,Na₂SO₄和Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃胁迫土壤Chao1和Ace丰富度指数显著降低。NaCl轻度盐化土壤细菌群落β-多样性与对照无明显差异,其它盐碱胁迫土壤细菌群落结构变化显著。各处理土壤细菌优势门类均为变形菌门、芽单胞菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和拟杆菌门。盐碱胁迫土壤细菌的拟杆菌门、浮霉菌门增加;而放线菌门、硝化螺旋菌门减少。NaCl胁迫土壤绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门相对丰度增加,Na₂SO₄胁迫土壤芽单胞菌门、热微菌门增加,Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃碱胁迫土壤酸杆菌门、疣微菌门增加。【结论】土壤细菌群落通过调节物种组成来适应盐碱胁迫,不同盐碱类型和盐碱度胁迫下,土壤细菌群落会形成显著差异的物种。