An aggregation index (AI) to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes

There is often need to measure aggregation levels of spatial patterns within a single map class in landscape ecological studies. The contagion index (CI), shape index (SI), and probability of adjacency of the same class (Qi), all have certain limits when measuring aggregation of spatial patterns. We have developed an aggregation index (AI) that is class specific and independent of landscape composition. AI assumes that a class with the highest level of aggregation (AI =1) is comprised of pixels sharing the most possible edges. A class whose pixels share no edges (completely disaggregated) has the lowest level of aggregation (AI =0). AI is similar to SI and Qi, but it calculates aggregation more precisely than the latter two. We have evaluated the performance of AI under varied levels of (1) aggregation, (2) number of patches, (3) spatial resolutions, and (4) real species distribution maps at various spatial scales. AI was able to produce reasonable results under all these circumstances. Since it is class specific, it is more precise than CI, which measures overall landscape aggregation. Thus, AI provides a quantitative basis to correlate the spatial pattern of a class with a specific process. Since AI is a ratio variable, map units do not affect the calculation. It can be compared between classes from the same or different landscapes, or even the same classes from the same landscape under different resolutions.     

Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape

Patch modeling can be used to scale-up processes to portray landscape-level dynamics. Via direct extrapolation, a heterogeneous landscape is divided into its constituent patches; dynamics are simulated on each representative patch and are weighted and aggregated to formulate the higher level response. Further extrapolation may be attained by coarsening the resolution of or lumping environmental data (e.g., climatic, edaphic, hydrologic, topographic) used to delimit a patch.Forest patterns at the southern boreal/northern hardwood transition zone are often defined by soil heterogeneity, determined primarily by the extent and duration of soil saturation. To determine how landscape-level dynamics predicted from direct extrapolation compare when coarsening soil parameters, we simulated forest dynamics for soil series representing a range of drainage classes from east- central Maine. Responses were aggregated according to the distribution of soil associations comprising a 600 ha area based on local- (1:12,000), county- (1:120,000) and state- (1:250,000) scale soil maps. At the patch level, simulated aboveground biomass accumulated more slowly in poorer draining soils. Different soil series yielded different communities comprised of species with various tolerances for soil saturation. When aggregated, removal of waterlogging caused a 20–60% increase in biomass accumulation during the first 50 years of simulation. However, this early successional increase and the maximum level of biomass accumulation over a 200 year period varied by as much as 40% depending on the geospatial data. This marked discrepancy suggests caution when extrapolating with forest patch models by coarsening parameters and demonstrates how rules used to rescale environmental data need to be evaluated for consistency.     

叶顶间隙对多相混输泵内流动特性的影响

为了揭示叶顶间隙对多相混输泵内流动特性的影响规律,在进口含气率为10%时,利用ANSYS CFX软件对不同叶顶间隙下泵内气液两相流态进行模拟,同时分析和总结了叶顶间隙对流道内流动特性的影响.研究表明,当叶顶间隙增加时,叶轮叶片进口附近低压区占比明显减少,并且叶轮进出口的压差也在逐渐减小.另外,在靠近叶片顶端时,压力等值线存在偏折现象.随着叶顶间隙逐渐增加,偏折加剧.存在叶顶间隙时,叶轮轮毂附近气相聚集得到了明显的改善,并且随着叶顶间隙的增加,气相在叶顶间隙内靠近叶顶处的聚集现象更加明显,导叶轮毂气相聚集位置沿着流动方向向下游移动.研究结果可为多相混输泵水力优化、性能改善和结构设计等提供依据.同时,研究结果进一步揭示了多相混输泵叶顶间隙流对混输泵性能的影响规律.     

Expression of PDGFR-β and Kit in canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma using tissue immunohistochemistry

Canine anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (ASAGAC) is an uncommon but highly invasive and metastatic malignancy. Toceranib phosphate (Palladia) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that targets several members of the split kinase RTK family. These membrane receptors are important for cell cycling, apoptosis and angiogenesis, all of which can contribute to carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate archived, paraffin-embedded canine ASAGAC and normal canine anal sacs for immunohistochemical detection of Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β). Two of 77 neoplasms (2.6%) expressed Kit. Fifteen of the neoplasms (19.5%) were positive for PDGFR-β expression. None of the normal canine anal sac epithelium expressed Kit or PDGFR-β. Because of these results, further investigation should be considered to determine the role of RTKs in the clinical course and treatment of canine ASAGAC.     

杨十斑吉丁虫空间分布型及其应用的研究

杨十斑吉丁虫空间分布型可用频次分布拟合或用一些聚集度指标来度量。它的幼虫频次分布符合负二项分布,用聚集度指标度量适合聚集型分布。Iwao回归与Taylor幂法则也是确定聚集型分布的好方法,结果都说明是聚集型的。以此可以确定抽样调查的最适抽样数,编制序贵抽样分析表,用于防治效果的检验与危害程度的分级。     

Specific ion effect of H+ on variably charged soil colloid aggregation

Specific ion effects (Hofmeister effects) have recently attracted the attention of soil scientists, and it has been found that ionic non-classic polarization plays an important role in the specific ion effect in soil. However, this explanation cannot be applied to H⁺. The aim of this work was to characterize the specific ion effect of H⁺ on variably charged soil (yellow soil) colloid aggregation. The total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation concentration (CCC), activation energy, and zeta potential were used to characterize and compare the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Results showed that strong specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ existed in variably charged soil colloid aggregation. The TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy were sensitive to H⁺, and the addition of a small amount of H⁺ changed the TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy markedly. The zeta potential results indicated that the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on soil colloid aggregation were caused by the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on the soil electric field strength. In addition, the origin of the specific ion effect for H⁺ was its chemical adsorption onto surfaces, while those for alkali cations were non-classic polarization. This study indicated that H⁺, which occurs naturally in variably charged soils, will dominate variably charged soil colloid aggregation.     

葱紫斑病发生及防治若干问题的初步研究Ⅱ.病斑产孢、孢子飞散传播

对葱紫斑病的病斑产孢、孢子飞散传播等进行了研究。结果表明:葱紫斑病的病斑在温度为25～28℃时的产孢能力最强,而在30～35℃时的产孢能力较差;葱紫斑病的病斑产孢量随着保湿时间的增长而增多;施氮、钾肥的植株产生的病斑的产孢量要小于不施肥及施磷肥的植株上产生的病斑的产孢量;病斑在黑暗条件下的产孢量明显高于在散射光条件下的产孢量;葱紫斑病的病斑在6～9日龄时产孢能力较强,其中8日龄病斑的产孢能力最强,而1～3日龄的病斑产孢能力较弱;病斑在夜间的的孢子释放量明显多于在白天的释放量。葱紫斑病在田间呈聚集型分布。     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶促大豆分离蛋白聚集:蛋白质和酶浓度以及热处理的影响

 研究了大豆分离蛋白的枯草杆菌蛋白酶水解产物的聚集行为。加入枯草杆菌蛋白酶后,大豆蛋白分离物被迅速降解为分子量小于6.5kDa小分子组分,这些组分相互作用形成大的聚集物。水解液的浊度变化趋势呈S型,底物浓度大于3.2％(酶浓度为750U/mL)时蛋白质的浓度对聚集过程的影响更明显,此临界浓度主要取决于酶浓度。适当的预热处理有利于酶促聚集。由于聚集物能溶于SDS和尿素,说明非共价键(主要是疏水相互作用、氢键和离子键)对聚集物的形成有特别重要的作用。最后并提出了酶促聚集的机理。