日光型人工气候室的研究设计

该文介绍的日光型人工气候室,在充分利用自然光热和冷源的基础上,设置了能源室、控制室和培养室。采用数字仪表和电子控制技术及小型集散控制系统,实现气候室的温度、光照、湿度等因子的监测和控制。温度参数控制采用了双温双向组合控制,尤其适于在自然光照条件下,对植物的地上、地下部分分别控制的试验研究,其结果更趋于与自然环境的逼近。同时,该设计投资少,节约能源,运行费用低,适于一般科研和生产单位建造和使用。     

杂交水稻在人工控制光长条件下的感光特性

在25℃的人工气候室中,对3个不育系、5个恢复系(品种)、15个杂种F_1及1个强感光品种进行16h和10h的光照处理。结果表明;(1)不育系,保持系在10h下的播种到抽穗天数比在16h的多;(2)恢复系及其与珍鼎28A杂交的F_1在10h下的播种到抽穗天数比在16h的少;(3)V20A、V41A与IR30,IR54、兰贝利的杂种F_1在10h下的播种到抽穗天数很少。而在16h下则不能抽穗;(4)不育系、保持系,恢复系的感光性级别较窄,而杂种F_1的感光性级别较宽。不感光的双亲配组,后代出现强感光类型,这种遗传现象是值得注意的。     

人工气候室自动测试专家系统的数据库管理

人工气候室参数自动测试和智能化信息处理是实现人工气候室现代化管理的重要手段。系统的数据库管理是系统设计的关键技术。本文介绍了系统的基本组成,提出系统的数据库管理问题,论述了系统的数据库管理目标、管理内容、管理功能和管理特点。为系统的控制决策奠定了基础。     

7个水稻品种(系)的光周期反应特性

在人工气候室中,研究了7个不同类型水稻品种(系)的抽穗期对16h 长光照和10h 短光照的反应特性.结果表明:(1)不论是早稻还是晚稻,籼稻还是粳稻,均存在明显的“长日促进期”,把水稻基本营养生长期分为长日亚期(BVP—Ⅰ)和短日亚期(BVP—Ⅱ)是合理的;(2)长日照对不同品种有不同程度的抽穗阻滞效应;(3)强感光的晚稻品种未观察到长日补偿期,在连续16h 长光照下未能进入幼穗分化.     

Effect of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Nitrogen Dynamics and Microbial Activity During Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Growth on a Subtropical Inceptisol in India

Using phytotron growth chambers, a short‐term pot experiment under non‐limiting water condition was conducted to investigate the individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide (650 ± 10 μmol mol^?1 vs. ambient), temperature (3 °C above ambient vs. ambient) and different levels of urea–N (control, 100 % N and 200 % N of recommended dose) on growth and yields of wheat crop and changes in potential nitrogen mineralization (PNM), nitrification and denitrification activities, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and nitrifying and denitrifying organisms in a semiarid Inceptisol. The plant parameters (root, shoot and grain) responded positively (10–23 %) to elevated CO₂ and negatively (?17 to ?38 %) to higher temperature. Interactive effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature caused a negligible impact on root, shoot (≈?5 %) and grain yields of wheat. Soil –N content was not affected, but –N was reduced significantly. Nitrate reductase activity was decreased by 14–20 % at elevated CO₂. There was positive effect of elevated temperature on PNM (+9–16 %), whereas negative effects were observed for potential nitrification activity (PNA), MBC, MBN and DOC. Elevation of atmospheric CO₂ or temperature did not affect the population of ammonia (AOB) and nitrite oxidizers (NOB), but elevation of CO₂ has decreased the population of denitrifiers by 4–14 %.     

基于误差剔除和数据挖掘的人工气候室测试系统

人工气候室中的参数测试存在着测量误差大和重复性差的缺点,严重影响测试结果的准确性.针对这个问题,研究了集温度、湿度、光照度、CO2含量等参数测试为一体的人工气候实验室智能测试专家系统,详细介绍了该系统所采用的基于格罗贝斯准则的疏失误差剔除方法以及数据挖掘方法.经实际应用验证,该系统消除了人工气候室参数测量的不确定性,可获得比传统的算术平均值更准确的测试结果,并能依据各参数间的关联关系对测试的手段和方法进行有效的调整.     

Plant damage after freezing, and the frost resistance of varieties from the facultative and winter wheat observation nurseries

In the first experiments, studies were made on the survival % of fourwinter wheat varieties with good frost resistance and two with poor frostresistance, and on the degree of plant damage after freezing at –14 ^°C and –16 ^°C under phytotron conditions. In the secondexperiment the frost resistance of the varieties included in the 9^thFacultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nurseries (FAWWON) wasdetermined after freezing in the phytotron at – 15 ^°C. The scoresgave a good reflection of the variety ranking determined on the basis ofsurvival % and of the different effects of the two freezing temperatures. Onthe basis of the scores, the plants were divided into two groups for eachtreatment and each variety: plants which suffered frost damage (a score of2–3), and plants which suffered no frost damage (a score of 4–5).Twenty plants from each group were raised to maturity in pots. Theyield parameters of plants damaged by freezing at – 14 ^°C werereduced to a lesser extent than those frozen at –16 ^°C. Of the eightparameters tested, the reduction in the number of ears per plant andconsequently in the number of grains in the side ears, the grain mass andthe total grain yield, gave the clearest indication of the extent of plantdamage. The results of the second experiment indicated that in some casesthe frost resistance of the varieties could be predicted from the wheatproduction zone (e.g. varieties from Eastern Europe and Nebraska haveexcellent frost resistance), while in other zones winter hardiness and frostresistance depended rather on the country or on the breeding location.     

自然光照人工气候室设计参数初探

经对单坡面自然光照人工气候室设计参数的分析研究，得到了室内外通过玻璃所传递的能量与气候室所处的纬度、朝向、坡面倾角、季节及室外天气情况等的关系式。对任一单坡面自然光照人工气候室，均可将有关参数代入关系式，求得一组最佳设计参数，作者在分析上述关系的基础上，着重研究了杭州的全天候单坡自然光照人工气候室坡面倾角及朝向对能耗的影响。     

Variation over time and environments in resistance to Erysiphe graminis hordei in samples from a barley germplasm collection

Summary Twenty carnation genotypes of diverse origin were planted in September and were kept under an 8h day and a light intensity of 15 W/m² visible radiation in a phytotron from 30 November to 24 February. Long photoperiods (24 h; LD) were applied in December-January for 25 days. In addition to flowering dates of individual shoots, records wer kept on shoot development (number of visible leaf pairs) on four dates: (1) six weeks after pinching, (2) at the beginning of the LD treatment in December, (3) when plants were transferred from the phytotron to the glasshouse in February and (4) at the time of flowering of individual shoots.The genetic variation in number of visible leaf pairs on each of these dates, in relation to shoot position and rate of unfolding of leaf pairs, was analysed.On the basis of these analyses, the between and within-genotype variation in time of flowering, yield distribution and LD response could be, at least partly, related to variation in the above-mentioned parameters. It was established that relevant genetic variation exists in (1) the initial development of the axillary bud from which a primary shoot is produced after pinching; (2) the rate of leaf unfolding; (3) the minimum number of leaf pairs required for flower initiation and (4) the within-plant variation in the above three characters in relation to shoot position.     

5460不育系育性转变敏感期试验初报

在人工气候室条件下,采用16h 长光照高温35℃,16h 长光照常温25℃,12h 短光照高温35℃,12h 短光照常温25℃的设计。研究了5460不育系在不同生长时期不同温光组合处理的花粉育性反应.结果表明:(1)5460不育系的育性转变敏感期是在减数分裂期,离抽穗前11d 左右.在育性转变敏感期间,当温度为35℃时,无论光照是12h 还是16h,其不育株率和花粉的不育度均达到100%;而温度为25℃时,无论光照长短,其花粉的育性正常,花粉可染色率80%以上,可育株率100%.(2)播种后至减数分裂期前,不但光照长短对花粉的育性未见有效应,而且在高温和常温下亦未发现对育性有影响.