Comparison between the penetration characteristics of methyl bromide and ethanedinitrile through the bark of pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) logs

BACKGROUND

Ethanedinitrile (EDN) is a fumigant being commercialized worldwide as an alternative phytosanitary treatment to methyl bromide (MB) for forest products. The penetration characteristics of MB and EDN were measured through the bark of wooden blocks (100 × 100 × 50 mm) cut from the upper (average bark thickness 5 ± 2 mm) and lower (average bark thickness 25 ± 5 mm) trunk of recently felled pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) trees. Doses of 48 g m⁻³ MB and 50 g m⁻³ EDN were applied to chambers at 10 and 20°C for 10 h.

RESULTS

Penetration of MB was influenced by the interaction between fumigation time and temperature, with concentrations increasing at a higher rate at 20°C compared with at 10°C. After 10 h, an average concentration of 8.05 ± 0.89 g m⁻³ had penetrated the bark of log sections at 20°C, whereas 5.20 ± 0.89 g m⁻³ was measured at 10°C. By contrast, the factors examined in this study did not significantly impact the penetration of EDN. Concentration × time (CT) values for MB under the bark were 35.20 ± 2.30 g h m⁻³ at 10°C and 55.85 ± 9.58 g h m⁻³ at 20°C; whereas for EDN, CT values were 19.50 ± 6.80 g h m⁻³ at 10°C and 19.08 ± 4.10 g h m⁻³ at 20°C.

CONCLUSION

MB can achieve a higher concentration under the bark of log sections during simulated fumigations, but all of the factors examined affected the ability of MB to penetrate the bark of wooden blocks. By comparison, the penetration of EDN through the bark is more consistent than MB under laboratory conditions. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

SPS对我国畜禽产品出口的负面影响及对策

在SPS(动植物卫生检疫措施)含义分析的基础上,剖析了SPS对我国畜禽产品出口在市场准入和竞争力方面造成的负面影响,提出了完善我国卫生检疫制度、加强检验检疫机构对SPS信息的跟踪力度、增强畜禽产品出口企业发展后劲和争取有利于我国畜禽产品出口的SPS有关规定等四个方面的应对措施。     

适当的保护水平及其研究方法的初步研究

探索了有害生物风险分析中适当的保护水平的起源,分析了澳大利亚、美国、新西兰、加拿大各国对适当的保护水平的理解,并讨论了适当的保护水平与可接受的风险水平两者之间的关系、检疫检验措施的力度选择和ALOP在我国植物检疫中的确定问题。     

影响中欧农产品贸易的政策因素分析

欧盟是我国植物源农产品出口的重要目标市场,也是全球食品安全管理最严苛的地区之一。近年来,欧盟连续撤销多种农药的登记授权,并将相关农药残留限量 (MRLs) 降低至定量限 (LOQ) 水平,对农产品的国际贸易产生了重要影响。世界贸易组织 (WTO) 成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注度也越来越高。本文收集整理了1995年至2022年间WTO成员提出的与欧盟农药残留管控相关的“卫生与植物卫生措施特别贸易关注 (specific trade concerns on sanitary and phytosanitary measures,SPS STCs)”议题,系统梳理了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的关注情况,包括关注议题数量、提出关注议题的成员、涉及的管控措施类型、产品种类及解决情况,总结分析了WTO成员对欧盟农药残留管控措施的主要关注点,并尝试提出了相应的应对思考建议。

     

葫芦科作物种传病毒及其检疫重要性

本文全面介绍了葫芦科作物病毒及种传病毒的种类,并对种传病毒进行风险分析。截止2011年5月,危害葫芦科作物的病毒种类已达86种(其中暂定种17种、类病毒1种),种传病毒11种。重要性分析表明,葫芦科种传病毒具有重要的检疫重要性。     

Comparison of extraction procedures for detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in common bean seed

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) is an important seedborne pathogen of Phaseolus vulgaris. Accurate seed health testing methods are critical to protect seed quality and meet phytosanitary requirements. Currently employed selective media‐based methods include several variations in extraction procedures. In order to optimize pathogen extraction from seeds, the influence of different extraction steps on the sensitivity of Xap detection was assessed. Seeds were inoculated by vacuum infiltration with Xap to achieve inoculum levels from 10¹ to 10⁵ CFU per seed; one contaminated seed was mixed into 1000‐seed subsamples of uncontaminated P. vulgaris seeds. Thirty subsamples of 1000 seeds were tested using each different extraction procedure. These included soaking whole seeds in sterilized saline phosphate buffer, either overnight at 4°C or for 3 h at room temperature, with or without vacuum extraction, and either with or without concentrating the seed extract by centrifuging. Seed extract dilutions were cultured on semiselective agar media MT and XCP1. The percentages of positive subsamples were compared to measure the effects of each extraction step on detection sensitivity. Vacuum extraction and centrifugation of seed extracts increased sensitivity; the highest sensitivity was obtained with the 3 h vacuum extraction followed by centrifugation. These results were confirmed with naturally infested seeds; Xap was detected in 48 of 70 samples using the 3 h vacuum extraction with centrifugation, whereas only 35 of 70 field samples tested positive using overnight soaking, a significant difference. The results suggest that these steps would be valuable modifications to the current method approved by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).     

我国农业入世新课题：动植物检疫

动植物检疫是农业多边贸易谈判的重要议题之一。本文论述了动植物检疫既具有公共产品的共性，又具有技术壁垒的特殊性；动植物检疫在保卫安全和促进农产品贸易等方面具有重要作用；入世后我国动植物检疫面临的挑战和如何抓住机遇和完善中国动植物检疫体系。     

稻水象甲在吉林省发生的可能性分析

稻水象甲（ＬｉｓｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＫｕｓｃｈｅｌ）是一种国际性的植物检疫害虫．此虫危害严重，传播途径复杂，寄主范围广，生态适应性强．稻水象甲在北美洲、南美洲、亚洲均有分布．目前，已蔓延到朝鲜慈江道的满浦市．该发生区与吉林省接壤，地理纬度及温度等条件与我省接近．本文从此虫的分布与危害，吉林省所处的地理位置，寄主植物种类及其分布，环境条件等方面，探讨了稻水象甲传入我省的危险性以及传入后生存的可能性，并提出了加强进口植物检疫，在边境地区定期开展疫性调查等控制策略．     

γ-射线辐照检疫处理对朱砂叶螨的生长发育及存活的影响

通过研究γ射线辐照处理对朱砂叶螨生长发育的影响,为朱砂叶螨的γ射线辐照检疫处理提供依据。以95～1 650 Gyγ不同剂量辐照朱砂叶螨的卵、若螨、雌成螨,发现γ射线辐照处理在3 d内不能直接杀死若螨和雌成螨,但能影响叶螨的生长发育。330 Gyγ射线辐照处理若螨和成螨,产的卵不能孵化,330 Gyγ射线辐照朱砂叶螨卵,卵不能孵化。试验结果表明,330 Gyγ射线辐照朱砂叶螨能使其完全不育,阻断其繁衍进程,330 Gy可以作为朱砂叶螨的辐照检疫处理的最低剂量。