Degradation Studies of the Non-lethal Bird Repellent,Methyl Anthranilate

Methyl anthranilate (MA), a food grade flavor and fragrance additive, has been reported to be an effective non-lethal bird repellent in a variety of situations. Despite the experimental success of MA, field studies have yielded widely differing levels of efficacy. Diminished efficacy in some field trials probably results from the failure of specific formulations to retain or protect the active ingredient under natural conditions. Therefore, a clearer understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting the stability of MA is needed. We undertook a series of laboratory studies on hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial degradation of MA, the results of which could be useful in the development of appropriate formulation strategies and residue analyses. We found the n-octanol:water partition coefficient, (P) to be 84. MA is not subject to hydrolysis at 25°C in phosphate buffer media at pH 5·0, 7·0 and 9·0. MA slowly photodegrades under simulated UV ‘sunlight’. Forty-four percent of MA is lost after 432 h illuminance at 1·25 mW cm⁻², which is equivalent to approximately 1200 h natural sunlight (40°N, noontime, June). Kinetic data indicate that the initial step of photolysis, subsequent to excitation, is a second-order reaction with respect to MA. A major photodegradation product appeared in an amount of about 10% of the mass balance and was determined to be an oxidized trimer of MA. MA is primarily affected by aerobic microbial degradation. For a 12:12 h light:dark, under laboratory illumination, 12% of water-solubilized material can be lost in the first seven days. Losses were 30% and 42% at 16 and 27 days, respectively. Under conditions of optimal bacterial growth (warmth and darkness) loss of MA was 22% at nine days and 100% by 20 days. The susceptibility of MA to microbial degradation is promising for the prospects of developing formulated, environmentally safe, bird repellents.     

苯噻草胺光催化和直接光解影响因素和降解途径研究

采用微波辅助光催化降解和直接光解实验方法,研究了苯噻草胺在光催化和直接光解两种体系下的降解情况,并考察了初始pH值、腐植酸浓度以及阿特拉津对其光催化降解和直接光解的影响。结果表明,在光照4min内,苯噻草胺直接光解效率为93．3％,较光催化降解效率高出28．9％;初始pH值从1．88增加至10．28时,苯噻草胺光催化和光解速率常数分别提高了250％和58．6％;添加腐植酸对苯噻草胺的直接光解和光催化均具有抑制效应,并且抑制效应随着腐植酸浓度的增加而增加,当腐植酸浓度增加至40mg·L^-1时,直接光解和光催化降解速率分别降低了51．8％和47．5％;10mg·L^-1的阿特拉津抑制了苯噻草胺的前期降解,整体直接光解速率降低了46．3％,但整体光催化降解速率没有减小。此外,采用GC—MS对苯噻草胺两种降解体系下的主要中间产物进行鉴定,并提出了主要的光降解途径。     

氰戊菊酯在水中的降解

氰戊菊脂在水中的降解速度与酸碱度和光照强度有关,在碱性溶液中降解快,酸性及中性溶液中降解较慢,在蒸馏水中的光解速度,直射太阳光比散射光快。氰戊菊酯在室外池塘水中很快降解,水生生物的吸附作用是影响降解速度的重要因素,在夏季有水生植物和鱼的池塘水体中的降解半衰期为0.7～1天,在无水生植物和鱼的池水中降解较慢。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂降解特性研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是合成的具有较强杀虫能力的类烟碱衍生物,其已经发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。在过去的20年里,新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境残留由于大规模的应用而急剧增加。因此探究有效的新烟碱类杀虫剂的降解方法势在必行。新烟碱类杀虫剂的光解和水解及降解途径已有报道。与化学方法相比,生物修复是一种经济、环保的处理农药污染环境的方法。然而,关于微生物降解新烟碱类杀虫剂及其代谢途径和降解机制的研究较少。因此,本文就新烟碱类杀虫剂的化学和微生物降解及其降解机制进行综述,并对微生物降解新烟碱杀虫剂未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

乙草胺在水中的光化学降解动态研究

研究了乙草胺在100W中压石英汞灯的光照下的光解动态。结果表明，乙草胺在水溶液中的浓度越高，光解半衰期越长，溶液的pH越高，乙草胺越容易光解。溶液中的溶解氧对乙草胺的光解影响不大，乙草胺在空气饱和溶液中光解速度略快。在不同类型的水中，乙草胺的光解速率也不一样，乙草胺的浓度为20mg/L时，在去离子水，河水和稻田水中的光解半衰期分别为8．06，10．11，12．46min。乙草胺的主要光解产物是羟化乙胺，脱氯可能是乙草胺光解速率的决定步骤。     

土壤表面阿特拉津的紫外光解动力学研究

采用田间土壤，在人工光解装置箱中研究了在紫外光照射下土壤表面阿特拉津的光解行为以及影响其光解行为的因素。实验测得阿特拉津的光解速率常数为0．0953～0．1864min，光解深度为0．10～0．23mm，半衰期为3．7～7.3min。研究结果表明，土壤粒度、pH值、有机物含量、土壤湿度、腐植酸含量及表面活性剂含量均会对阿特拉津在土壤表面的光解产生影响。     

Photolytic versus microbial degradation of clomazone in a flooded California rice field soil

BACKGROUND: Clomazone is a popular herbicide used on California rice fields and exhibits rapid anaerobic microbial degradation (t_1/2 = 7.9 days). To test the potential of direct and indirect photolytic degradation as a cofactor in the overall degradation rate, sacrificial time‐series microcosms were amended with water, non‐sterilized soil + water and sterilized soil + water. Clomazone was added to each microcosm, which was then exposed to natural and artificial sunlight over 35 days. Water and acetonitrile extracts were analyzed for clomazone and metabolites via LC/MS/MS. RESULTS: The calculated pseudo‐first‐order degradation rate constants (k) were k_water = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day^?1, k_sterile = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day^?1 and k_non?sterile = 0.010 ± 0.002–0.044 ± 0.007 day^?1, depending on light type. The formation of ring‐open clomazone, a microbial metabolite, correlated with clomazone degradation. Trace amounts of 5‐hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 → 125), aromatic hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 → 141) and an unknown product (m/z = 268 → 125) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The photolytic degradation rate depends on both light type and the quality of the chromophores that induce indirect photolysis. Microbial degradation was found to be sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Overall, microbes are shown to be more detrimental to the environmental fate of clomazone than photolysis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

噻呋酰胺的光解和水解特性研究

为了明确噻呋酰胺的环境行为规律,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了噻呋酰胺在不同条件下的光解和水解特性。结果表明:紫外灯照射下,噻呋酰胺在碱性条件下光解速率大于中性和酸性条件下的;不同溶剂中,噻呋酰胺的光降解速率依次为正己烷 >乙腈 >甲醇 >乙酸乙酯 >超纯水;三价铁离子、二价铁离子以及腐殖酸均能抑制噻呋酰胺的光降解。中性条件下,噻呋酰胺水解速率最快,同时,噻呋酰胺的水解受温度影响,温度越高,水解速率越快,平均温度效应系数1.39～2.23;表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）和十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）均可抑制噻呋酰胺在水中的降解。     

农药多菌灵的迁移转化规律研究

通过高效液相色谱法测定多菌灵的含量,初步探讨其挥发、水解、光解、分配这几种迁移转化途径,为合理利用农药、治理及控制农药对土壤等生态环境的污染提供指导。结果表明:多菌灵挥发作用不明显;p H值对多菌灵水解作用有影响,p H值为12时其水解率最大,达到0.16%,但总体上降解也不明显。采用太阳光、紫外灯、高压汞灯3种光源对多菌灵进行光降解,其中无氧化基团的情况下,太阳光基本不促进多菌灵降解,紫外灯下光解率达到3.73%,高压汞灯下达到4.96%;在有氧化基团时,无光照条件下降解率达到11.65%,太阳光下达到23.15%,紫外灯下达到61.61%,高压汞灯下达到94.97%,降解速率大小表现为高压汞灯紫外灯太阳光无光照,高于无氧化基团情况下的光降解。多菌灵的吸附率与土壤及腐植酸的含量呈正相关,在设置试验条件下分别可达到10.11%和90.89%。因此,光降解和土壤分配作用是多菌灵迁移转化的2种主要途径。     

表面活性剂对乙烯菌核利光解的影响

研究了6种表面活性剂对乙烯菌核利在液相和固相表面光解的影响.结果表明,高压汞灯下,表面活性剂对乙烯菌核利液相光解的光猝灭效应随其添加浓度的不同而存在显著差异;但在玻片表面上,不同添加浓度对光猝灭效应的影响差异较小.太阳光下,SLS、SLBS、CTAB和S-20对乙烯菌核利的液相光解表现为光敏化效应;但在玻片上,只有SDS表现为光敏化效应.