不同耕作方式对黑土区农田土壤物理特性的影响

为探讨耕作方式对黑土区农田土壤物理特性的影响,2016年6—9月在内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗试验区设置3种耕作方式深松(SS)、免耕(MG)及常规耕作(CK),分别采集0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm土层的土样,对土壤容重、含水量、土壤渗透速率及土壤孔隙度进行调查。结果表明：3种耕作方式土壤容重及含水量均表现为SS>CK>MG;土壤入渗特征表现为初始入渗率>平均渗透率>稳定入渗率;土壤入渗速率及累计入渗量表现为SS>CK>MG;土壤孔隙度以SS处理下最高且随着月份的增加土壤孔隙度降低。主成分分析表明,初始入渗速率和渗透总量对不同耕作方式最为敏感,可以作为考察东北黑土区农田耕作效应与缓解黑土地退化的评价指标。由综合得分可知,不同耕作方式下土壤性能优劣表现为SS>MG>CK。综上,深松耕作可以有效的降低土壤容重,提高土壤含水量,促进土壤渗透能力;免耕更有利于水分的保持,降低土壤的无效蒸发。     

Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.     

Effects of Dietary Digestible Protein and Energy Levels on Growth Performance,Feed Utilization,and Body Composition of Juvenile Permit,Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

A 9‐wk study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growth performance of juvenile permit, Trachinotus falcatus, growing from approximately 30 to 150 g. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of crude protein (400, 450, and 500 g/kg dry matter [DM]); and three levels of crude lipid (100, 200, and 300 g/kg DM) in a 3 × 3 factorial design. Growth rate and feed efficiency were significantly improved with increasing dietary protein levels from 400 to 500 g/kg and with dietary lipid levels from 100 to 200 g/kg. Fish body protein content was positively correlated with dietary ratio of digestible protein (DP) to digestible energy (DE) (P < 0.01, R² = 0.83), while body lipid was negatively correlated with dietary DP/DE (R² = 0.55, P < 0.05) but positively correlated with dietary DE levels (R² = 0.66, P < 0.01). Results showed a protein‐sparing effect, as protein retention was significantly increased by increasing dietary lipid level. In conclusion, the diet containing DP of 392.7 g/kg and DE of 18.8 MJ/kg (DM), corresponding to a DP/DE of 20.9 g/MJ, is suggested as an optimal feed for growth and feed efficiency in juvenile permit.     

恒压喷灌系统田间允许调压范围的研究

恒压喷灌系统田间允许调压范围是系统设计的重要参数,关系到田间灌水质量。针对恒压喷灌系统几种压力变化情况,通过试验得到了系统的压力变化规律及一些常用喷头的旋转周期、喷洒强度等随压力变化的一些基本资料,分析了压力变化对平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度的影响。结果表明,在一定压力变化范围内,系统压力的周期变化对平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度影响较小,但不同时段系统在不同压力工况下工作时,则对其影响较大。由此建立了田间喷灌强度及组合均匀度与压力变化的相互关系,给出了根据田间灌水质量要求所确定的压力变化幅度的计算式。     

排污权交易中存在的若干问题

归纳总结了排污权交易理论中存在的问题,对解决这些问题的理论进行综述,以期为政府制定决策提供有价值的依据。     

在陕西省实行“野生动物及其产品经营,加工许可证”制度有关问题的探讨

结合陕西省野生动物管理现状，对全省范围实行经营许可证制度的必要性和作用加以分析，并探讨了在制度实施中应注意的问题和需要抓好的工作     

Pollutant discharge permit trading based on equilibrium theory

Pollutant discharge permit trading is an effective economic means to realize equilibrium development between pollutant treatment and water quality improvement. On the basis of summarizing the study characteristics of pollutant discharge permit trading at home and abroad, we present the study framework making treatment cost minimizing and the risk of low water quality minimizing as objective functions. Combining the application scope of the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ), Young Bargaining Theory (YBT)and Initial Discharge Permit Allocation model (IDPA), we construct Discharge Permit Trading model (DPT) considering the related factors of watershed pollutant treatment. By virtue of nonzero-sum game and theoretical framework of trading model, we describe the calculation process of optimization model. We choose typical watershed as a realistic example to test the efficiency and applicability of methodology for developing pollutant discharge permit trading. Finally, we give the perfection suggestion and application prospect forecastin.     

论作品的法定许可使用

阐述和分析了作品法定许可使用的一般法律性质、法定许可使用的范围和条件以及法定许可使用与合理使用的关系 ,以划清作品法定许可使用与合理使用的界限     

Challenges of optimal implementation of formal water rights systems for irrigation in the Great Ruaha River Catchment in Tanzania

In many countries around the world, increasing attention is being directed to the need to improve water rights systems. This paper is based on a recent study undertaken to investigate challenges facing optimal implementation of formal water rights systems for irrigation purposes in the Great Ruaha River Catchment in Tanzania. The study integrated social survey, hydrologic, water abstraction and water use data, and Geographical Information System techniques. The results showed that all the canals studied, except one, abstracted water throughout the year, provided there was water in the rivers irrespective of the conditions spelt out in their formal water rights. The formal water rights were also found to be problematic as the quantities to be abstracted were much higher compared to the actual water requirements and the actual river flows. This resulted in over-abstraction of water and increased water shortages for downstream users. The study concludes that although formal water rights are meant to control and regulate the use of water, they are also subject to abuse if not managed and monitored closely. The basin authorities in Tanzania therefore need to be equipped adequately and collaborate more closely with local water users in order to attain high levels of supervision and monitoring essential for optimal implementation of formal water rights systems.