The effects of scale and resolution in developing percentile maps of critical loads for the UK

Critical loads are estimated in the UK by the Department of Environment's Critical Loads Advisory Group and sub-groups. The Mapping and Data Centre at ITE Monks Wood acts as the National Focal Centre for the UNECE programme for mapping critical loads. The centre is responsible for the generation of UK data sets and their application for national and European purposes. To make effective use of these data, it is necessary to draw upon other environmental data and examine the issues of scale, uncertainty and the way that data are presented. This paper outlines the methodologies which have been employed to derive national maps. Early critical load maps were not vegetation specific, but now critical loads for acidity and for nutrient nitrogen for soils, critical levels maps for ozone and sulphur dioxide, and sulphur deposition maps, have been generated on a vegetation or ecosystem specific basis. These have been used to derive a number of different types of critical load and exceedance maps. The results show the importance of the method selected and the data used for the interpretation. The visualisation of critical loads and the corresponding exceedance data is an important aspect in producing information for pollution abatement strategies.     

基于机载激光雷达的寒温带典型森林高度制图研究

以内蒙古根河市潮查林场境内的寒温带兴安落叶松原始林及其次生林为研究对象,利用机载激光雷达点云数据与地面调查的66个样地数据,采用不同算法计算样地实测树高(Lorey's高、冠幅面积加权树高和算术平均高)分别与基于双正切角树冠识别算法获取的LiDAR估测高(冠幅面积加权树高、算术平均高)和基于点云提取的百分位高构建树高回归模型(冠幅面积加权树高模型、算术平均树高模型和LiDAR百分位树高模型)。对比不同树高模型的训练精度与估测精度的差异,探讨双正切角树冠识别算法对本研究区的适用性;同时了解冠幅面积加权的样地实测树高与Lorey's高对林分平均高代表性的差异,确定最优解释变量,筛选最优树高模型,计算研究区森林高度空间分布图,为后续生物量和碳储量研究提供参考数据。结果表明:样地冠幅面积加权树高的模型训练精度和估测精度与Lorey's高的结果一致性较好,略低于Lorey's高的估测结果。LiDAR百分位树高模型中的50%分位高与样地实测树高相关性显著且回归模型拟合效果较好,其中,以Lorey's高为样地实测树高时模型的R2=0.869、RMSE=1.366m;以冠幅面积加权树高为样地实测树高时模型的R2=0.839、RMSE=1.392m;Lorey's高的50%分位高模型的估测精度最高,各独立验证样本点估测精度均高于85%,平均估测精度为94.73%,最高估测精度可达99.78%,其中混交林平均估测精度(96.72%)高于针叶林的平均估测精度(93.58%)。因此,选择Lorey's高的50%分位高模型计算研究区的森林高度空间分布。