Cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of high-fat diet-fed mice are increased after rosiglitazone treatment

In this study, we determined how rosiglitazone (RSG) differentially affected hippocampal neurogenesis in mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat). LFD and HFD were given to the mice for 8 weeks. Four weeks after initiating the LFD and HFD feeding, vehicle or RSG was administered orally once a day to both groups of mice. We measured cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus using Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX), respectively, as markers. In addition, we monitored the effects of RSG on the levels of DCX and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampal homogenates. At 8 weeks after the LFD feeding, the numbers of Ki67- and DCX-positive cells as well as hippocampal levels of DCX and BDNF were significantly decreased in the RSG-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, the numbers of Ki67- and DCX-positive cells along with hippocampal levels of DCX and BDNF in the HFD fed mice were significantly increased in the RSG-treated mice compared to the vehicle-treated group. Our data demonstrate that RSG can modulate the levels of BDNF, which could play a pivotal role in cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.     

仔猪海马结构及其周围皮质内生长抑素mRNA的分布

用原位杂交组织化学法研究了５头仔猪海马结构及其周围皮质内生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ的分布。结果表明生长抑素ｍＲＮＡ主要分布于海马的始层和齿状回的多形层，偶见于海马的辐射层和锥体细胞层，此外，在内溴区和海马旁回内也见到标记细胞，主要位于深层。     

Aqueous extract of Anemarrhena rhizome increases cell proliferation and neuropeptide Y expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Anemarrhena rhizome on cell proliferation and neuropeptide Y expression in the dentate gyrus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were investigated via immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and neuropeptide Y. The results showed that the treatment with 50 to 200 mug/kg/day for 7 days of the aqueous extract of Anemarrhena rhizome increased new cell formation and neuropeptide Y expression in the dentate gyrus of diabetic rats reduced by the treatment with streptozotocin in rat.     

仔猪薛氏回和外薛氏回的传入联系

用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）法研究了６只仔猪薛氏回和外薛氏回的传入联系。此二回接受蓝斑、脑干网状结构、中脑中央灰质、中缝背核、内侧膝状体、膝上核、丘脑枕、柜内核、纹状体、薛氏回和外薛氏回的传入纤维，薛氏回前部还接受缘回、外缘回、冠状回和十字回的传入纤维。     

猪大脑皮层缘回和外缘回与皮层及皮层下结构的联系──HRP法研究

本文用ＨＲＰ（辣根过氧化物酶）法研究了６只仔猪大脑皮层缘回和外缘回与皮层及皮层下结构的联系，结果如下：（１）将ＨＲＰ注入缘回后，在双侧大脑半球缘回、外缘回和外薛氏回及同侧大脑半球冠状回、扣带回和梨状叶、同侧丘脑的外侧膝状体、枕核、后外侧核、后核群、板内核和室旁核、脑干的蓝斑、中缝背核和中脑中央灰质内均出现标记细胞末梢；在丘脑网状核、脑干网状给构、脑桥核、上丘、顶盖前区、壳核和尾状核中出现标记末梢。（２）将ＨＲＰ注入外缘回后，在双侧大脑半球外缘回、缘回和外薛氏回及同侧压部回、同侧丘脑的外侧膝状体、枕核、后核群、后外侧核、腹后核、板内核和室旁核、脑干的蓝斑、中缝背核和中脑中央灰质内均出现标记细胞和末梢；在脑干网状结构和脑桥核出现标记末梢。     

具有两个叉的三叉戟不可能图形加工的电生理基础：一项ERP的研究

采用事件相关电位技术(ERP),探讨了具有两个叉的三叉戟不可能图形加工的脑内时程动态变化,结果表明:首先在250～310ms事件窗口内,与PC(不可能条件,Possible Condition)相比,IC(可能条件,Impossible Condition)诱发了一个更正的波形(P250～310),对差异波(IC—PC)进行偶极子溯源分析,结果显示,P250～310可能起源于海马旁回.因此,P250～310可能与知觉加工过程中,将物体的各个分散特征,整合成空间上相关的物体表征的过程有关;其次,在400～500ms时间窗口内,IC比PC诱发了一个更负的波形,对差异波(IC—PC)进行偶极子溯源分析,结果显示,N400～500可能起源于扣带前回(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)和右侧颞叶(temporallobe),因此,N400～500可能与认知冲突(不可能图形中所包含的空间结构与个体三维知识经验相违背)的监测与控制有关;最后,在500～600ms时间窗口内,IC比PC诱发了一个更正的波形(P500～600),此波形可能与工作记忆中对不可能图形的空间结构的推测有关(通过空间结构推理,...     

猪大脑皮质十字前回和后回的传入联系

用辣根过氧化物酶法研究了４只仔猪大脑皮质十字前回和后回传入神经的来源，将ＨＲＰ注入十字前回，在蓝斑，中缝背核，中脑中央灰质，丘脑背内侧核，腹前核，腹外侧核和板内核，十字前回和薛氏回等诸多结构内出现标记细胞。将ＨＲＰ注入十字后回，在蓝斑，中脑中央灰质，中缝背核，丘脑外侧核群，背内侧核，板内核，十字前回和后回，冠状回和扣带回等处出现标记细胞，结果表明，此二回均接受广泛的传入纤维，在丘脑皮质联系中，十字     

Physical Stress Induced Reduction of Proliferating Cells and Differentiated Neuroblasts Is Ameliorated by Fermented Laminaria japonica Extract Treatment

Laminaria japonica is widely cultivated in East Asia, including South Korea. Fucoidan, a main component of L. japonica, protects neurons from neurological disorders such as ischemia and traumatic brain injury. In the present study, we examined the effects of extract from fermented L. japonica on the reduction of proliferating cells and neuroblasts in mice that were physically (with electric food shock) or psychologically (with visual, auditory and olfactory sensation) stressed with the help of a communication box. Vehicle (distilled water) or fermented L. japonica extract (50 mg/kg) were orally administered to the mice once a day for 21 days. On the 19th day of the treatment, physical and psychological stress was induced by foot shock using a communication box and thereafter for three days. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly increased after exposure to physical stress and decreased Ki67 positive proliferating cells and doublecortin immunoreactive neuroblasts. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that physical stress as well as psychological stress decreased the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the number of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) positive nuclei in the dentate gyrus. Fermentation of L. japonica extract significantly increased the contents of reduced sugar and phenolic compounds. Supplementation with fermented L. japonica extract significantly ameliorated the increases of plasma corticosterone revels and decline in the proliferating cells, neuroblasts, and expression of BDNF and pCREB in the physically stressed mice. These results indicate that fermented L. japonica extract has positive effects in ameliorating the physical stress induced reduction in neurogenesis by modulating BDNF and pCREB expression in the dentate gyrus.     

Antidepressant-like effects of the saponins extracted from Chaihu-jia-longgu-muli-tang in a rat unpredictable chronic mild stress model

Chaihu-jia-longgu-muli-tang (CLM) has been used for treating depressive disorders for thousands of years in China. In the present study, we investigated the antidepressant-like effect of the saponins extracted from CLM (SCLM) in rats subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). The ameliorative effect of SCLM on symptom of depression through behavior tests including: sucrose preference test, open-field test and forced-swimming test was investigated. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD), immunohistochemical staining analysis and RT-PCR were applied to explore the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effects of SCLM. It was observed that administration of SCLM (70, 140 mg/kg) reversed the depressive-like behaviors, restored the reduction in the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and up-regulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in UCMS-treated rats. These findings confirmed the antidepressant-like effects of SCLM in UCMS model of rats.