Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

Purification and some properties of Papaya meleira virus, a novel virus infecting papayas in Brazil

'Meleira', or 'sticky disease', is currently the most damaging papaya disease in the mid-eastern Brazilian growing regions. Consistent disease transmission via latex injection, presence of similar isometric particles in the laticiferous vessels of diseased plants, and detection of double-stranded DNA in naturally and experimentally infected papaya trees suggest that a virus is the causal agent. Conclusive evidence for viral aetiology was previously lacking, mostly because every attempt to purify the putative virus from infected papayas had failed. Following the successful purification and partial characterization of the meleira virus, healthy papaya seedlings injected with purified virus particles later developed typical symptoms of the disease. Negatively stained, isometric, full and 'empty' purified virus particles measured 42 and 38 nm, respectively. The viral genome was a single dsRNA molecule of about 12 kbp. Several capsid proteins, ranging in size from 14·4 to 45 kDa, were consistently revealed by PAGE. Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) appears to represent a novel group of viruses, with no known similar counterpart among known plant-, vertebrate-, invertebrate- or prokaryote-infecting viruses.     

Herbicide options for weed control in papaya

This paper reviews the literature on weeds and weed control in papaya. There is limited research on this topic, and nearly all of the research focuses on herbicides. Effective use of paraquat and glyphosate in papaya is dependent on avoidance of spray contact to green bark and foliage. Pre-emergence herbicide tolerance is dependent on papaya age, size and maturity, and soil type. Only one herbicide, oryzalin is shown to be tolerated by papaya immediately after transplanting. Herbicides such as diuron and oxyfluorfen with a broader spectrum of weed control generally injure young papaya, however they can be effectively used if the initial application of these herbicides is delayed until papaya attains certain size or maturity indices. There is a need for further research on weeds and weed control to improve the efficiency of papaya production     

基于点评估方法的两广地区番木瓜中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估两广地区番木瓜中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,采集了广东、广西地区40个生产基地的番木瓜样品进行测试分析,研究其生产过程中使用的杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀螨剂和植物生长调节剂等各种农药残留情况,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果显示,40批次番木瓜中检出农药残留32批次;在检出的32份番木瓜样品中,检出率超过10%的有咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑5种农药,检出率分别为51.1%、21.5%、13.3%、11.1%、10.9%。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在10%以上的咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、多菌灵、啶虫脒和苯醚甲环唑,进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）评估、急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）评估,并进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示：检出的5种农药%ADI均低于100.00%,为0.00023%~0.0059%;%ARfD远低于100%,为0.50%~28.3%,5种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性的摄入风险高于男性;5种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为咪鲜胺>啶虫脒>苯醚甲环唑>多菌灵>吡虫啉,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用番木瓜摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。     

江西首次发现入侵害虫木瓜粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus

2020年9月在江西省赣州市章贡区新发现一种严重发生的粉蚧,经制作玻片标本,形态鉴定为木瓜粉蚧(Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink),后得到28S序列比较鉴定确认.该虫为国内新入侵物种在江西的首次发现,在赣州主要危害园林绿化植物和杂草,其中以木芙蓉...     

番木瓜ERF家族与果实成熟相关成员的分析

通过比较分析番木瓜ERF家族成员的系统进化关系、基本理化性质、保守基序、启动子顺式元件,结合分析番木瓜在乙烯利和乙烯抑制剂1–甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理下以及不同成熟期果肉的RNA-seq数据,筛选出22个ERF家族成员进行表达差异分析,最终比较得出两个处理数据中显著差异表达基因有18个,推测这些基因可能在番木瓜果实成熟过程中起重要作用。     

链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜PRSV的防控效果

探究链霉菌30702复合壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病（papaya ringspot virus,PRSV）的防控效果,为番木瓜环斑花叶病防治提供基础。以台农二号番木瓜为材料,壳聚糖设3个浓度1.0g/L、0.5g/L、0.25g/L;30702菌液2个浓度0 cfu/L和4.2×10 6cfu/L,互相组合为6个处理,以清水处理为空白组,宁南霉素0.05 g/L为对照组,共8个处理;运用分光光度计法测量相关酶活。1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L链霉菌30702的防治效果为88.6（p＜0.05）,显著高于其他组;壳聚糖复合链霉菌30702组的防治效果、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性相较于单独使用壳聚糖组有显著提升。使用1.0 g/L壳聚糖复合4.2×106 cfu/L的30702对番木瓜防控PRSV的效果最好,防治指数达到88.6%。     

茎弯曲处理对番木瓜开花结果的影响

对“苏罗”和“台农2号”番木瓜2个品种植株进行茎弯曲处理,研究其对番木瓜开花结果的影响。结果表明,茎弯曲处理对“苏罗”和“台农2号”番木瓜都具有降低最低结果高度、增加长圆形果实和长圆形两性花数量的显著效应;当茎弯曲长度在20.00-35.00cm时,随着茎弯曲长度的增加,其对降低番木瓜最低结果高度、增加长圆形果实和长圆形两性花数量的效应愈强;茎弯曲处理对营养繁殖的“苏罗”和种子繁殖的“台农2号”番木瓜开花结果的影响趋势一致。     

采后减压预处理对番木瓜果实贮藏品质及抗氧化活性的影响

以"日升"品种番木瓜果实为材料,研究了不同梯度的减压预处理(0 MPa(常压),0.025、0.050、0.075 MPa)对15℃贮藏条件下番木瓜果实品质变化和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:减压处理能显著延缓番木瓜果实硬度下降,延缓可溶性固形物(TSS)、抗坏血酸(VC)、类黄酮及总酚含量的变化,维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和抑制丙二醛的积累,有利于番木瓜果实贮藏品质和抗氧化能力的保持,而且以0.050 MPa处理的保鲜效果最为显著。     

切片番木瓜糖溶液渗透脱水的影响因素分析

用二次回归正交组合试验方案探讨了切片厚度、浸泡溶液质量分数和渗透时间对番木瓜 (Carica pa-paga L.)糖溶液渗透脱水的影响 .结果表明 :影响切片番木瓜糖溶液的主次因素顺序是切片厚度二次作用、渗透时间、溶液质量分数与渗透时间交互、渗透时间二次作用、料液比、切片厚度、切片厚度与渗透时间交互、渗透时间二次作用、浸泡溶液质量分数 ;影响可溶性固形物白利糖度的主次因素顺序是渗透时间、浸泡溶液质量分数、溶液质量分数与渗透时间交互、渗透时间二次作用、溶液质量分数与切片厚度交互、料液比、切片厚度 .建立了不同渗透脱水条件下的番木瓜失重率和可溶性固形物白利糖度的回归方程 .t检验表明 ,2个回归方程达 0 .0 1显著水平 ,剩余标准差分别为 1.70和 1.33,可用于实际生产的预测和控制