Cytogenetic analyses of sugarcane relatives (Andropogoneae: Saccharinae)

Summary Meiosis was studied in 31 wild Saccharum relatives, including Erianthus (8 clones), Miscanthus (5 clones), Narenga prophyrocoma (1 clone), S. robustum (3 clones), and S. spontaneum (14 clones). Chromosome number for 18 clones confirmed published counts or was typical of the particular species. Chromosome number for seven clones (Djatiroto 2n=58, Molokai 5099 2n=80, SES 84/58 2n=58, SES 114 2n=64, SES 260 2n=64, Taiwan 100 2n=112, and US 57-11-2 2n=60) differed from published counts (2n=112, 86-100, 64, 60, 60, 96, and 30, respectively). Counts were obtained for the first time for six clones (Local escape 2n=96, Nepal 2n=72, NG 77-77 2n=108–112, NG 77-199 2n=166, US 57-60-2 2n=20, and US 68-1-4 2n=38). Bivalent chromosome pairing predominated in all clones. Meiotic irregularity (numeric aberrations, univalents, multivalents, and telophase II micronuclei) tended to be associated with taxonomic grouping and level of polyploidy. Clones in Erianthus, Miscanthus, and Narenga were apparent euploids (2n=20–60) and tended to have fewer meiotic irregularities than Saccharum clones. Differences in level of meiotic stability among taxonomic groups may reflect error in chromosome association and synapsis associated with high chromosome number.     

利用Ph基因诱导小麦外源染色体易位

对小麦染色体配对控制体系的调控进行了综述,即利用5B染色体缺失效应、Ph基因突变系和Ph抑制基因等方法来诱导易位系。该方法产生的易位系遗传补偿性较好。     

Meiotic and Isozymic Analyses of Tall Fescue × Giant Fescue Hybrids and Amphiploids1

The meiotic behavior of three tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, 2n = 6x = 42) genotypes, giant fescue (F. gigantea, 2n = 6x = 42), and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids and C₁, amphiploids was evaluated to determine the parental genomic relationships. Isozyme banding patterns were used to confirm the parental identity of the hybrids and amphiploids. At meta-phase I, the parents had predominantly bivalent pairing. The hybrids had an average of 9.51 I, 16.02 II, 0.12 III, 0.02 IV, and the amphiploids had 2.17 I, 38.82 II, 0.60 III, 0.58 IV, 0.01 V—VIII. The prevalence of bivalent pairing in both hybrids and amphiploids suggested a homoeologous relationship between the six genomes, with four of the six being more closely related. Bivalent pairing in the amphiploids indicated genetic regulation of chromosome pairing. Zymograms were obtained for acid phosphatase (ACPH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). The three tall fescue and giant fescue parents had different zymograms for ACPH, MDH, 6-PGD and PGI; thus, the tall fescue parents of the hybrids and amphiploids could be determined based on the banding patterns of these four enzymes. Phenotypes were determined for ACPH-1, PGI-2 and 6-PGD-1. ACPH-1 may be used to follow the introgression of giant fescue chromatin into a certain tall fescue genotype.     

高粱同源四倍体及其杂交种的细胞遗传学研究

对同源四倍体高粱品系和杂交种的细胞学观察发现，其减数分裂的各个时期均有特异性。具体表现在，前期Ⅰ有３．９４％的ＰＭＣ中存在多个核仁，其中以双核仁形式出现的频率最高；终变期—中期Ⅰ具有不同的染色体构型，可观察到同源染色体的四种组成形式；后期Ⅰ出现大量落后染色体，其中以单价体提前分离造成的染色单体落后较为常见，单价染色体落后较少；前期Ⅱ和四分体时期可观察到核外染色体；中期Ⅱ发现有部分染色体不排列于赤道板上；后期Ⅱ仍有新的落后染色体产生。对四价体频率和后期Ⅰ带有落后染色体细胞出现频率进行的统计分析发现，品系间和不同的杂交种间存在显著的差异，说明染色体的配对能力和正常分配能力均受基因型影响。研究还发现，这两个重要的细胞学现象具有明显的负向超亲优势，杂交种的四价体频率明显降低，落后染色体明显减少。     

Cytology and Fertility of Hybrids and Amphiploids between Aegilops caudata L. ×Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell

Interspecific hybrids and amphiploids between Aegilops caudata L. (2n = 2x = 14, CC) and Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. conv. durum Desf M. K. (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) were produced. Such hybrids can be used to introduce desirable traits such as disease resistance into cultivated durum wheats. One of the durum parents was a ph I mutation of the cv. ‘Cappelli’ used for testing the possibility of direct introduction of alien variation into cultivated species. The amphiploids were obtained both through colchicine chromosome doubling and as natural non-reductional mciosis products. In both hybrids and amphiploids, meiotic pairing and fertility were studied. Hybrids showed varying degrees of pairing and, in addition to the one involving the ph 1 mutant, one high pairing hybrid was found (Ae. caudata× cv. ‘Capinera’). Cytological examination of microsporogenesis in amphiploids revealed a high frequency of bivalent formation. Fertility proved to be a very variable character since some of the amphiploids were almost completely sterile. The use of amphiploids in breeding programmes is discussed in relation to meiotic and fertility data.     

Comparison of the isozyme variation in tall fescue parents and their somaclones

Summary This study was conducted using the isozymes ACP-1, ADH-1, GOT-2, GOT-3, MDH, 6-PGD-1 and PGI-2 to: a) compare isozyme banding patterns of tall fescue somaclones with parents and b) correlate tissue culture-induced chromosome abnormalities with variant banding patterns. The 174 somaclones were grouped into seven categories based on their meiotic analyses and time of regeneration from culture. Differences in isozyme frequency between categories compared by chi-square tests were greatest for MDH, 6-PGD-1 and PGI-2, and least for ACP-1. The most significant differences in frequency were found between somaclones and parents. In comparisons of somaclone categories, the most different isozyme distributions were between the early vs. late regenerated somaclones. No significant differences in isozyme frequencies were found between all 42-chromosome somaclones vs. aneuploid somaclones and the three somaclone groups (42-normal, 42-abnormal, aneuploid) compared to each other. This study suggests that culture-induced isozyme variation alters the distribution of the isozyme phenotypes, but is not directly correlated with chromosome abnormalities.     

Genomic Relationships of Triticum sharonense with Other S-Genome Diploid Triticum Species

Triticum sharonense was hybridized with autotetra-ploid T. speltoides, T. longissimum and T. bicorne. Meiotic analysis of these hybrids showed that T. sharonense is almost equally related to both T. speltoidcs and T. longissimum, while it is comparatively distant from T. bicorne. Therefore, this study does not support treating T. sharonense as a subspeies or variety of T. lottgissimum.     

ph1b,ph2a,ph2b基因在普通小麦与T.timopheevii杂交中的作用及应用前景

首次利用ph1b,ph2a,ph2b 3个突变体及中国春分别与T.timopheevii进行了杂交,对其杂种F#-1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对观察表明,3个基因都能诱导普通小麦与T.timopheevii部分同源或远的同源染色体的配对,其作用顺序是ph1b > ph2a > ph2b。其中ph1b基因可以诱导普通小麦与T.timopheevii G 染色体组间的部分同源染色体配对。在笔者所研究的T.timopheevii 中不存在Ph1（Ph1-like）和Ph2（Ph2-like）基因。由于这3个突变体与T.timopheevii 杂种F#-1用中国春回交都获得了成功,第一次证明了利用ph1b、ph2a从T.timopheevii 中“直接遗传转移”有益基因到普通小麦的可能性。特别利用ph1b基因可以从T.timopheevii 染色体组中“直接遗传转移”有益基因到普通小麦中。     

小麦染色体介导的基因转移

小麦近缘野生种及某些野生草本植物具有的有益性状可导入普通小麦。通过小麦与近缘野生种的广泛杂交，以及对远缘杂种的细胞遗传操作，在小麦的遗传改良中己取得了显著的成效。以对配对控制机理的调控和诱导易位为基础的染色体工程方法己应用于从一年生或多年生小麦族野生种转移特异性病虫害抗性基因。利用DNA标记有助于更精确地鉴定期望的基因型，从而促进了向小麦的基因转移。这类标记也特别有助于监测外源基因在小麦基因组中的渐渗。     

普通小麦与沙生冰草、根茎冰草属间杂种的产生及其细胞遗传学研究

 通过幼胚拯救，首次获得了普通小麦与沙生冰草、根茎冰草两组合的属间杂种。在幼胚拯救时发现，无盾片的幼胚是不能产生杂种苗的。对获得的两组合杂种植株进行了壮苗和破蘖培养繁苗，使来自同一胚的杂种植株数目增加。在获得的F#-1杂种中，幼苗形态和穗型似普通小麦栽培种。在花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ，中国春×沙生冰草、根茎冰草两组合杂种F#-1的染色体配对频率远远超出了期望值。对杂种F#-1用四倍体和六倍体小麦回交，都能很容易获得种子，平均结实率都在15%以上。特别值得注意的是两组合的属间杂种均具有自交可育性，自交结实率分别为0.46%和0.15%。文章讨论了：⒈杂交成功的经验；⒉P与A、B、D染色体组间特殊遗传关系的理论分析；⒊F#-1自交结实的原因；⒋壮苗培养和破蘖培养繁苗在小麦远缘杂交中的重要作用。小麦属与冰草属间自交和回交后代的首次获得，在理论上对前人所认为的P染色体组在小麦族中的高度独立遗传性，提供了直接的相反证据；在实践上，使产生异源附加系、代换系甚至易位系、进而为利用P染色体组中的期望基因变得相对的容易。