Breeding objectives for beef cattle used in different production systems: 2. Model application to production systems with the Charolais breed

A general bio-economic model for beef cattle production was used to define breeding objectives for Charolais cattle to be utilized in a variety of linked production systems. Economic weights were calculated for 16 traits (some with both direct and maternal components) in three production systems (pure-breeding and terminal crossing with beef or dairy cows) and two marketing strategies (sale or fattening of weaned surplus calves). Economic weights for the total breeding objective were calculated as weighted averages, where weights were numbers of cows expected to be mated with Charolais bulls in each production system and marketing strategy. Results suggest that the direct component of calving performance and cow longevity were of primary economic importance in all systems. Conception rate of cows and weaning weight reached about 50% of the standardized economic weight of calving performance in purebred systems with sale of weaned calves, whereas in purebred systems with fattening the economic importance of the direct component of cow conception rate, losses at calving, mature weight of cows, weaning weight, and fattening traits were of equal importance (each approximately about 20% that of calving performance). In terminal crossing systems, weaning weight was important when calves were sold at weaning, and fattening traits were important for systems selling fattened animals. The bio-economic model performed well under the conditions of this demonstration and could easily be customized for other applications.     

民族旅游利益保障制度的伦理学反思——基于三大伦理学派对利益的分析

在民族旅游发展过程中,利益保障制度的缺失或是不合理已成为利益冲突频发却又不能得到合理、彻底解决的根源。全面了解三大伦理学派对利益、利益主体、利益冲突、利益协调的阐释,对于构建和调整民族旅游利益保障制度有深切意义。     

A MULTI -OBJECTIVE FUZZY DECISION -MAKING APPROACH FOR POWER NETWORK PLANNING UNDER UNCERTAINTY

This paper proposes a multi - objective fuzzy decision - making approach for power network planning under uncertainty ,which simutaneously considers not only the least investment cost,the minimum power loss,the maximum reliability,and the least environmental impacts, but also the uncertainty about the future load growth and the capital investment availability. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified with numerical examples.     

联合收获机前进速度模糊控制系统多目标遗传优化

针对联合收获机前进速度模糊控制系统参数设计具有主观性,导致作业性能不理想的问题,以切纵流联合收获机样机为研究对象,构建联合收获机前进速度模糊控制系统仿真模型,并建立控制性能和收获性能的优化目标函数来衡量联合收获机的作业性能,利用多目标遗传算法对模糊控制系统的隶属函数和输送槽、割台螺旋输送器和切流滚筒对前进速度的影响因子进行优化。通过对优化前后模型仿真对比和两组田间试验数据分析,表明优化后的控制系统在受外界干扰情况下控制性能得到了较好的保持,收获性能在喂入量变化不大情况下,单位平均损失率分别由1.45%和1.26%降至1.12%和1.14%,联合收获机的总体作业性能得到改善。     

基于模型预测控制的农机主从跟随作业控制方法

针对实际环境中由于农业机械（简称农机）作业过程的作业量以及土壤条件的变化等不确定性因素的影响,导致协同作业跟随农机的行驶工况不稳定、跟随协同作业响应慢、控制困难等问题,在综合考虑不确定性以及响应性能的基础上,提出了一种农机跟随分层控制架构,搭建农机田间作业下的纵向跟随动力学模型,并以间距保持、速度跟随、燃油经济性、加速度跟随性能为目标,进行基于模型预测控制（MPC）算法的上层控制器推导,基于前馈以及PI反馈的控制器作为下层控制,以上层控制器获得的控制加速度为目标,进行力矩（电流）跟踪,在保证抗不确定性以及干扰噪声的同时,提高跟随农机的响应能力。通过Matlab/Simulink仿真和田间试验验证,结果表明,该控制方法可以有效解决农机作业的跟随控制问题,与滑模变结构控制器相比,能够实现稳定跟随行驶,且速度误差和加速度误差更小,速度误差控制在-0.29132~0.18001m/s,加速度误差控制在-0.05678~0.05628m/s2,稳定跟随距离误差为±0.45m,具有良好的跟随效果。     

农村区域配电网优化模型和算法的研究

针对城镇配电网中按电压等级选择同一截面导线的不合理性,基本算法的罚函数处理约束稳定性不强和寻优运算差等问题,利用经济电流密度概念、多目标规划理论和遗传算法,研究实数编码并行优化、动态罚函数约束、配电网路径与潮流自识别解码等方法,提出了配电网络多目标经济性优化模型及其算法。通过10kV配电网实例验证表明,该方法提高解的搜索精度,实现规划线路长度和导线截面策略因子并行优化,得到最小投资费用的优化方案。     

唐山市沙流河镇水资源供需平衡优化分析

运用系统论和线性目标规划法,结合唐山市沙流河镇实证研究,构建小城镇水资源供需平衡优化数学模型,剖析该镇水资源供需矛盾,提出水资源供需平衡优化方案。结果显示,沙流河镇水资源补给总量为1490.55万m³·a^-1,若对水资源利用量不加约束,2001、2005和2010年沙流河镇用水总量分别达到2352.73万m³、2429.73万m³和2491.72万m³;水资源超采量分别达到862.18万m³、939.18万m³和1001.17万m³;其中农业用水量最大,占90%以上。鉴于农业用水比重大、利用效率低,提出沙流河镇实施、推广节水灌溉技术和积极退耕还林等节水措施。经过逐年逼近平衡的办法,到2010年沙流河镇水资源量可以节余63.32万m³,基本实现全镇水资源供需平衡。     

直接接触式换热器传热性能优化

建立了以容积换热系数为目标函数,工质流率U₀、喷头喷孔直径d_i、导热油液位高度Z为决策变量的直接接触式换热器性能优化模型,同时进一步将液滴群行为与传热协同关系作为约束条件引入优化模型中,重点分析该约束条件对优化过程及结果的影响。运用遗传算法对原模型和补充模型进行了优化分析,结果表明：原模型优化后的容积换热系数达到了初始值的6.7倍;而补充模型最优值的迭代次数比原模型减小了约55%,同时最优值比原模型提高了0.3%。所以该约束条件不仅提高了迭代速率,还提高了寻求全局最优值的概率,使得最优解更逼近全局最优值。     

数字图像和逐步回归客观评定冷却猪肉肉色

为开发准确、快速的猪肉肉色质量客观评定方法,研究了数字图像处理和和逐步回归模型对冷却猪肉肉色客观评定分级的效果.对宰后冷却24 h的猪删体,切开第3～4肋骨间背最长肌,发色60 min,数码相机获取数字图像处理后提取断面肉色参数(L *、a *、b *、Chroma、Hue angle).提取的80头猪胴体背最长肌肉色参数经逐步回归建立了肉色评定模型.结果表明,数字图像处理后提取肉色参数建立的逐步回归模型评定冷却猪肉肉色分值的效果优于BP人工神经网络模型;若以|评定肉色分值-感官肉色分值|≤0.3为评定正确判断标准,前者评定正确率为78.8%,后者为60.4%; 前者与本试验评定正确率最高的单个感官评定人员相比(78.2%),差异不显著(P>0.05).因此,数字图像处理可有效地对冷却猪肉肉色进行客观评定.