Reproductive biology of the female Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Stomatopoda) in relation to changes in the seasonal pattern of larval occurrence in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The reproductive traits and the monthly larval abundance of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria were investigated in Tokyo Bay, Japan, in 2002. The goal of the study was to elucidate the cause of changes in the monthly pattern of larval abundance from the 1980s to the 1990s as these changes relate to variation in the stock size of the adult shrimp. Oogenesis was divided into 10 stages by histological observation. The developmental stage of oocytes in an individual's ovary was synchronous, suggesting that almost all the oocytes in an ovary are spawned at the same time. The size at first maturity was estimated to be 7 ≤ body length ( BL ) < 8 cm. Fecundity was expressed as a function of BL , ranging from 19 300 eggs for 8 cm BL to 92 100 eggs for 14 cm BL . Small female shrimps (<10 cm BL ) spawned around August. Most large female shrimps (≥10 cm BL ) spawned around May, and some large female shrimps also spawned until September. Although most large female shrimps spawned in spring, the larval abundance was low before July and high from August onwards. The results suggest that a substantial decrease in the stock size of large individuals causes the low larval abundance before July.     

BsC3-41杀蚊幼制剂对蚊幼虫毒杀效果研究

通过以BsC3- 41杀蚊幼制剂对 3种蚊幼虫进行生物活性测定和野外灭蚊试验 ,结果表明 :该制剂对致乏库蚊CulexfatigansWiedemann的毒杀效果最好、对中华按蚊AnophelessinensisWiedemann次之、对白纹伊蚊AedesalbopictusSkuse的效果较差 ,2 4小时LC50值分别为 0 2 0 2 5 μg/ml、 2 5 363μg/ml和 5 9 730 2 μg/ml。野外水体灭蚊使用 3ml/m2 的浓度防治淡色库蚊效果可达 98 88%～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 1 0ml/m2 的浓度防治中华按蚊效果可达96 81 %～ 1 0 0 0 0 % ,使用 2 0 0ml/m2 的浓度防治白纹伊蚊效果达到 90 64%以上。     

长江口南支水域刀鲚仔稚鱼资源量的年度变化

为了进一步探明长江口南支刀鲚(Coilia nasus)仔稚鱼的分布和丰度变化,2018年6-10月在长江口南支设置8个站点,采用大型仔稚鱼网(口径1.3m,网目0.5mm)在每月大潮期间按月进行表层水平拖网调查,研究结果与2014年、2015年同水域和同期的研究结果比较,旨在揭示长江口南支刀鲚仔稚鱼资源的年度变化。本研究共拖网58网次,采集刀鲚仔稚鱼4611尾,平均密度0.123 ind./m3,体长范围3.1～61.74mm,发育阶段从前弯曲期到稚鱼期,其中前弯曲期仔鱼(3.1～18.12mm)最多,占总数86.19%,其次是弯曲期仔鱼(4.9～24.05mm),占8.5%,后弯曲期仔鱼(9.75～30.36mm)和稚鱼(24.22～61.7mm),分别占4.6%和0.72%。白天涨潮采集刀鲚仔稚鱼4271尾,平均体长11.18mm,平均密度0.169 ind./m3,退潮时采集336尾刀鲚仔稚鱼,平均体长10.52mm,平均密度(0.029 ind./m3)低于涨潮密度;St.8夜间涨退潮调查显示,涨潮密度(0.005 ind./m3)大于退潮密度(0.002ind./m3)。三年间刀鲚仔稚鱼发育阶段组成,2014年以卵黄囊期仔鱼为主,2015年和2018年均以前弯曲期仔鱼为主。各年刀鲚仔稚鱼出现的持续时间和高峰期基本相似,主要在6-8月出现,9-10月出现量极少。三年仔稚鱼密度分布表明,各站位点以及各月平均密度差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。     

利用性诱剂防治花生田暗黑鳃金龟的研究

为明确暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky)性诱剂对成虫的引诱效果及对幼虫虫口密度的降低作用,在全国主要花生产区开展了田间诱捕试验,调查诱捕成虫数、幼虫减退率及对花生的保果效果。结果表明:一台诱捕器一天内诱到的最大成虫数为977头;幼虫减退率最高可达78.8%,保果效果最高可达68.6%。表明暗黑鳃金龟性诱剂对成虫有很强的引诱效果,并能明显减轻幼虫为害。     

Mesoscale spatial variability of ichthyoplankton in the Southwest Atlantic during the autumn–winter period

To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying spatial heterogeneity in ichthyoplankton communities in the SW Atlantic, we examined for the first time the latitudinal and continental shelf–slope gradients in ichthyoplankton structure and oceanographic features in the Campos Basin during the relaxation phase of coastal upwellings (late autumn to early winter). This region, located on SE Brazil's continental margin, is the most productive offshore oil basin in the country and has ecological relevance owing to the existence of areas that experiences mesoscale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) processes (eddies, filaments, and upwelling) caused by the interaction of continental shelf and slope circulation with deep water masses. The present study collected a total of 3892 fish eggs and 10,030 larvae from 36 sampling stations, averaging 22 eggs per 100 m³ and 56 larvae per 100 m³. A total of 250 taxa (5 for fish eggs and 248 for larvae) were identified, encompassing 80 families and 145 genera. Species distribution exhibited a considerable degree of spatial variability, which was related mostly to hydrological characteristics. In general, greater densities were associated with higher nutrient concentrations areas. Through distance-based Redundancy Analysis, some discriminating species were found to associate with certain areas of the continental shelf characterized by colder temperatures. The ichthyoplankton distribution patterns suggested a potential influence from mesoscale oceanographic fronts, specifically those that induce upwelling of the cold and nutrient-rich South Atlantic Central Water. Nonetheless, the methodologies used in this study faced challenges in distinctly identifying these processes.     

不同饵料对黄喉拟水龟稚龟生长的影响

进行了3种饵料对黄喉拟水龟（Mauremys mutica Cantor）稚龟生长影响的试验研究.试验历时154d.结果表明：1）稚龟平均日增重,鳙鱼肉组为0.13g,配合饲料组为0.12g,黄粉虫组为0.09g.2）成活率,配合饲料组最高,为100%;黄粉虫组次之,为97.1%;鳙鱼肉组最低,为88.6%.3）饵料系数,鳙鱼肉组最高,为6.38,黄粉虫组次之,为3.56,配合饲料组最低,为1.83.结果显示,用配合饲料喂养黄喉拟水龟稚龟效果良好.     

室内饲养的小菜蛾生物学特性的观察

为进一步了解小菜蛾的生物学特性,对室内传代饲养的小菜蛾幼虫、成虫的发育期、形态特征、生活习性进行了观测。结果表明,幼虫平均发育历期为11.5 d,成虫平均存活11.0 d。通过对室内饲养的小菜蛾进行生物学特性的观察,为小菜蛾防治药剂的筛选方面提供一定的基础。     

中国对虾幼体的能量代谢

近年来中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)工厂化育苗技术的进步,已能使海捕亲虾与养殖越冬亲虾在人工控制的条件下产卵,然而虾卵孵化之后能否健壮地生长以及如何提高变态存活率,幼体的饵料起着关键的作用。生物饵料虽然效果好,但受到培养技术及设备等条件的限制,因此,目前育苗生产中的饵料仍以豆浆、蛋黄为主,辅以少量的生物饲料与配合饵料,以致幼体的抗病力差,变态存活率低。所以研究适合于中国对虾幼体营养需求的配合饵料很重要。至今有关日本对虾幼体营养的研究屡见报导,而中国对虾幼体的营养研究还未有报导。对虾营养的研究方法有分析虾体成分、梯度或正交法设计饲料试验以及能量代谢试验等。周洪琪(1990)通过能量代谢研究中国对虾亲虾的营养。Harris(1959)、Conover     

浙江中北部沿岸春、夏季鱼卵和仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布

根据2008年4,5,6月在浙江中北部沿岸禁渔区线内45个站位开展的产卵场调查资料,研究分析了该海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布。结果表明,本海区共出现鱼卵、仔稚鱼64个种类,分别隶属13目36科47属,能鉴定到种的有47种,鉴定到科的有17种。3个航次的调查共采集到鱼卵5 846个和仔稚鱼5 502个。其中4月最少,仅采集到鱼卵366个和仔稚鱼1 445个,分别占鱼卵和仔稚鱼总数量的6.26%、26.26%;5月份共采集到鱼卵1 530个和仔稚鱼1 551个,分别占鱼卵和仔稚鱼总数量的26.17%、28.19%;6月份数量最多,共采集到鱼卵3 950个和仔稚鱼2 506个,分别占总数的67.57%、45.55%,4—6月鱼卵、仔稚鱼的数量呈月递增趋势。鱼卵中石首鱼科未定种最多占10.06%,其次黄姑鱼占6.45%,再次为凤鲚占总数的6.06%。凤鲚仔稚鱼数量最多,占总种类数的34.06%,其次为虾虎鱼科仔稚鱼,占24.25%,再次为鲻科鱼类仔稚鱼,占23.57%。调查发现杭州湾是凤鲚的主要产卵场,其仔稚鱼也主要分布在杭州湾内,少量分布在舟山渔场和鱼山渔场。小黄鱼产卵场主要分布在舟山渔场、鱼山渔场外侧。从产卵时间和渔场分布来看,鱼山渔场是最早集中的水域,随着时间推移,产卵场的中心区向北部水域的舟山渔场转移。研究的海域内重要经济鱼类大黄鱼、小黄鱼、银鲳的鱼卵数量百分比明显下降,由1960年的优势种成为现在的非优势种;主要经济鱼类中鳓、凤鲚所占比例相对增加,但绝对数量有所下降。在某种程度上说明,沿岸水域资源补充量有所减少,这可能与水域环境变化及过度捕捞导致亲体量减少有关。     

大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种群特征与环境因子的相关关系

为了解大亚湾鱼卵、稚仔鱼种群动态变化及其与环境因子的关系, 2015年采用浅水I型浮游生物拖网对大亚湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼进行了4个季度的调查,结果表明,4个季度共采获鱼卵31361粒,仔稚鱼244尾。经鉴定分析共有27种,其中鱼卵19种,隶属于6目16科18属;仔稚鱼18种,隶属于5目15科16属;鱼卵、仔稚鱼共有种11个。鱼卵平均丰度为614.55 ind/1000 m^3,稚仔鱼的平均丰度为3.69 ind/1000 m^3。鱼卵丰度季节变化由高到低依次为夏季、春季、冬季、秋季;空间分布显示,丰度由高到低依次为中央列岛、人工鱼礁区、湾口东岸。鱼卵多样性指数(H￠)范围为0.05～2.26,平均值为0.86,稚仔鱼多样性指数(H?)范围为0～2.53,平均值丰度0.82;鱼卵均匀度指数(J)范围为0.02～0.99,平均值为0.50;稚仔鱼均匀度指数(J)范围为0～1.00,平均值为0.52。根据Pearson相关性结果分析表明,与种群关系最密切的环境因子为温度和溶解氧(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,春夏季是大亚湾海域鱼类产卵的重要时期,中央列岛海域是大亚湾鱼类繁殖的关键区域。