Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

一种汽车车内一氧化碳监控系统

汽车车内由于CO导致的意外安全事故常常被忽略。汽车发动机和空调在运行过程中产生的CO进入车内,极易被忽视而诱发中毒的事故。利用单片机传感器技术设计一种汽车车内CO浓度监控系统,当车内CO浓度达到200 ppm时系统发出第一次报警,当车内CO浓度达到300 ppm,系统发出第二次报警提示,并开启天窗通风,保证车内人员安全。     

Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.     

九龙江河口养虾塘氧化亚氮排放通量及影响因素

水产养殖生态系统由于其高氮负荷而成为氧化亚氮(N_2O)的潜在释放源,为探究其排放特征,选择福建省九龙江河口养虾塘为研究对象,采用悬浮箱-气相色谱仪法测定其水-气界面N_2O排放通量变化,并结合气象要素和水环境因子分析其主要影响因素。结果表明:九龙江河口养殖塘水-气界面N_2O排放通量的变化范围和均值分别为0.10～0.64μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(0.26±0.07)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均表现为向大气释放N_2O的源。N_2O排放通量随养殖期推迟呈现持续增加,且在白天不同时刻存在显著变化。相关分析表明,N_2O排放通量与养殖水体的温度、溶解性有机碳、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N浓度呈显著正相关,与盐度呈显著负相关。多元回归分析表明,水体盐度和NO_2~--N浓度是影响养虾塘N_2O排放的主要因素。     

冬小麦/大葱轮作体系N_2O排放特征及影响因素研究

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了冬小麦/大葱轮作体系不同施肥处理下农田N2O排放特征及排放系数,分析了土壤湿度和土壤温度等环境因子对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,农田N2O排放高峰值主要出现在每次施肥＋灌溉或强降雨之后的一段时间,大葱生长季排放峰值高且出现的频率比小麦生长季密集;N2O排放通量变化范围为-3.85～507.11μg N·m-2·h-1,平均值为251.63μgN·m-2·h-1,对于不同施肥处理,其年度N2O排放总量介于1.71 kg N·hm-2到4.60 kg N·hm-2之间。整个轮作体系不同处理N2O排放系数介于0.31%到0.48%之间,均值为0.43%;相对比农民习惯（FP）处理,优化施肥（OPT）、优化减氮（OPT-N）以及秸秆还田（C/N）处理均能显著减少N2O的排放,秸秆还田处理和优化减氮处理N2O排放总量比优化处理分别减少了17%和10%。在10℃〈土壤温度（T）s〈20℃时,N2O排放随温度的升高而增加;整个小麦生长季N2O排放随土壤湿度的增加而增加,且达到0.05的显著水平;大葱生长季在20℃〈Ts〈30℃时,土壤水分含量成为主要限制因素,N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS）呈显著指数正相关关系。秸秆还田处理作物产量高于其他处理,是具有减排增产＂双赢＂效果的农田管理措施。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤温度与土壤水分对黑土N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱一气象色谱法,对黑土区3种不同土地利用方式（草地、裸地和农田）下土壤氧化亚氮（N：O）的排放特征及其与土壤温度和土壤水分的关系进行研究。结果显示：试验监测期间（2011年5月27日-9月30日）,不同土地利用方式下,土壤N：0累积排放量分别为草地52．08mgN·m^-2裸地64．43mgN·m^-2农田70．16mgN·m^-2,农田土壤N：O累积排放量比草地和裸地分别高出35％和9％,草地、裸地和农田的N2O平均排放通量分别为16．56、20．36、21．44μgN·m^-2·h^-1。草地和裸地中,土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤水分（充水孔隙度,WFPS）相关性均不显著,但在农田中,土壤N20排放通量与土壤温度（5cm和10cm）和土壤水分（5cm）均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。另外,土壤N2O累积排放量与土壤硝态氮和矿质氮含量均呈正相关关系。研究表明,黑土草地开垦可促进土壤N2O的排放,且不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O排放的主要影响因子不同。     

硝态氮源及碳源有效性对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为对象,通过室内静态培养系统研究NO_3~--N与不同碳源组合对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。结果表明,NO_3~--N作为氮源和不同碳源施入土壤,除NO_3~-+纤维素,其余土壤N_2O排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源土壤;NO_3~--N和不同碳源组合的CO_2累积排放量均高于对照和只添加氮源土壤。NO_3~-+果胶的N_2O排放量在第1 d达到最大值1 383.42μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);NO_3~-+葡萄糖的CO_2排放量在第1 d达到最大值370.13 mg C·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),CO_2累积排放量顺序为:葡萄糖果胶秸秆纤维素淀粉木质素。土壤NO_3~--N含量与N_2O排放呈极显著正相关。总之,添加纤维素可以抑制N_2O的排放,促进CO_2排放,并增加土壤中NO_3~--N含量,添加其余碳源均会促进土壤N_2O和CO_2排放。     

Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Vietnamese Soil Amended with Different Compost Types at High Temperature

This study aims to determine the effects of compost additions and high temperature on N₂O and CO₂ emissions from a Vietnamese agricultural soil. Soil samples amended with two compost types (commercial compost, SH and chicken compost, CC) at three rates of 1%, 2% and 4% w/w were aerobically incubated at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C for 28 days in the laboratory. N₂O and CO₂ emissions were determined on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Our results showed that N₂O and CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, compost additions, and their interactions. Greater N₂O and CO₂ emissions were seen in CC treatments than SH treatments. Higher application rates of CC led to greater N₂O and CO₂ emissions. In SH treatments, higher temperature lowered N₂O emissions but did not affect CO₂ emissions. N₂O and CO₂ emissions were enhanced with CC addition while they showed different responses to increasing temperature.     

短程硝化液提升市政污泥中温厌氧消化产沼能力的工程试验分析

文章通过控制桂平市污泥处理厂中沼液多级好氧生化系统的曝气量,获得含游离亚硝酸(FNA)的短程硝化液并回流至有效容积为100 m3的中温厌氧反应器,与市政剩余污泥进行联合厌氧消化产沼气.试验结果表明:短程硝化液的加入可显著提高市政污泥中温厌氧消化产酸产气效率.当反应器中HNO2-N浓度为178 mg·L-1时,SCOD的...