Use of netting and whitewash spray to protect papaya plants against Nivun Haamir (NH)-dieback disease

A disease causing the decline of papaya (Carica papaya) plants was noticed in the Jordan Valley in 1982. The disease caused severe yellowing of the upper leaves and dieback of the apex. The disease was not transmissible mechanically and continued efforts to associate viruses and viroids have so far been unsuccessful. Epidemiological observations suggested that the disease is airborne and probably caused by a mollicute. In order to test this hypothesis, plots were covered by an insect-proof net and with white nets providing 15, 30 and 50% shade. The 30%, 50% and insect-proof nettings provided complete protection, and the 15% netting reduced disease incidence to <2%, compared with>37% in the uncovered control plot. Spraying plants at weekly intervals with a commercial whitewash solution was also found to be effective in reducing disease incidence. The advantages of using a range of netting field treatments as a simple means for obtaining information on the epidemiological nature of a new disease are described.     

Effect of Split Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Wheat (T. aestivum L.) Genotypes with Different N-Assimilation Potential

A field experiment was conducted with different nitrogen regimes to assess the growth and yield performance of wheat genotypes which differ in nitrate assimilation potential. Genotypic differences in biomass accumulation were observed at different growth stages. The nitrogen treatment had little effect on biomass accumulation at early stages of growth, while at later stages of growth there was enhanced biomass accumulation when N was applied in more than two splits. On an average, genotypes with high nitrate reductase activity (the 'HNR' genotypes) accumulated 14.2 % more biomass than the genotypes with low nitrate reductase activity ('LNR' genotypes) when an extra dose (40 kg N ha⁻¹) of nitrogen was given at the time of anthesis. The application of nitrogen in more than two splits increased grain yield of both 'HNR' and 'LNR' genotypes mainly by increasing grain weight per ear. The application of an extra dose of nitrogen (40 kg N ha⁻¹) at the time of anthesis increased grain yield of 'HNR' genotypes by 38.5 % as compared to 'LNR' genotypes.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

Restoration of tuber production by exposure to unshaded daylight in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi shaded during the early tuber formation period

The loss of final tuber weight of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi by shading during the early tuber formation period (TFP) is overcome by exposure to unshaded daylight thereafter (late TFP). In the present study, the growth parameters that contribute to the dry matter increase (DMI) per day of tubers in the late TFP were examined. DMI of the tuber during the late TFP was determined by that of the whole plant and the ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during this period. The ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during the late TFP was significantly correlated with the DMI of the whole plant during the first 14 days of the late TFP. During the late TFP after the exposure to unshaded daylight, DMI of the whole plant correlated with the surface area of the stem (SAS) and net assimilation ratio (NAR), and the SAS correlated with the stem dry weight (DW) and specific stem-surface area (SSA). SSA negatively influenced NAR, but NAR was increased by unshading. During the late TFP after shading, the effect of the decrease of the stem DW due to shading on the DMI of the whole plant was mitigated by the large SAS and high NAR. These results indicate that the growth parameters that contribute to the DMI of tuber during the late TFP after exposure to unshaded daylight are SAS and NAR just after unshading, and SSA during this period.     

多花黑麦草品种比较试验

通过对现行生产中常用的4个多花黑麦草品种在昆明地区的物候期、株高、草产量、生长率、净同化率等指标的规定表明,在生长初期,特高的生产性能比其余3个品种都好,但生长一段时间后,邦德的生产性能明显超过特高(P<0.05),抗锈王略高于特高(P>0.05),旺饲的生产性能最差(P<0.05)。因此,邦德是一个在生产中值得推广应用的品种。     

基于VMS的张网渔船捕捞努力量与网位坐标提取方法

捕捞努力量是渔业资源管理和评估领域的重要参数之一,传统捕捞努力量计算方法无法满足实时、大范围、快速统计的需要。以我国近海作业的某张网渔船为研究对象,采用BP(back propagation)神经网络模型,对张网船155在2016年和2017年北斗渔船监控系统所获取的若干连续航次的经纬度坐标、航速和航向等信息进行分析和判断,提取各航次作业的网位坐标,通过阈值筛选渔船布网位置和时间,计算放网时长,把网口迎流面积与放网时长的乘积作为网次的捕捞努力量。结合BP神经网络和阈值分析的判断结果,网位判断准确率为82%,4个航次累计捕捞时长3562.62 h,累计捕捞努力量712524(m²·h)。设计的张网渔船状态判断、确定网位、放网时长提取和捕捞努力量计算方法为张网作业分析和其捕捞强度量化提供新的研究思路。     

依据显微结构及光合特性探讨蝴蝶兰花芽分化的时期

以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’为试验材料,对花芽分化进程及期间光合特性和碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白及激素含量的变化进行研究。结果表明:花芽长度为0、2、4、8、16和24 cm时,分别处于花芽分化初始期、花序原基分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期和花瓣原基分化期(16和24 cm)。蝴蝶兰叶片的净CO₂吸收速率在花芽发育前期(0～4 cm)没有显著变化,花芽8 cm时显著降低。花芽中的碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于叶片,碳水化合物在花芽长度为4 cm时达到稳定水平,可溶性蛋白含量在花芽8 cm时达到叶片与花芽的平衡;赤霉素(GA)的含量在花芽2 cm时达到最大值,生长素(IAA)含量在花芽4 cm时显著升高,玉米素(ZT)含量在花芽8 cm时显著降低,而ABA含量在花芽发育的过程中并没有显著变化。由此可知,当蝴蝶兰花芽开始分化萼片原基(8cm)时,光合生理及生化物质基本达到一个相对稳定的水平,此阶段的蝴蝶兰花芽已彻底完成成花分化。     

张家港地区不同防虫网覆盖方式下设施环境变化规律

通过使用智能型温湿度记录仪,以露地为对照,对夏季高温季节3种防虫网覆盖方式下(水平棚架覆盖、大棚覆盖、连栋大棚覆盖)设施内的空气温湿度进行连续记录,初步摸索出3种防虫网覆盖方式下设施内温湿度的变化规律。试验结果表明,高温晴天不同处理防虫网内的温度都高于露地,防虫网+连栋大棚模式设施内温湿度随着外界温度变化最大,温度最高时,防虫网+连栋大棚湿度最低,气温降低后湿度又升高得最快;雨天不同处理温度都差不多,防虫网+连栋大棚覆盖下湿度最低;阴天温度下午最高,各处理温度差别不大,防虫网+连栋大棚的湿度最低;雨转晴后防虫网+连栋大棚温度升高最快,湿度降低最快;所以防虫网+连栋大棚覆盖最适合夏季叶菜类栽培,高温低湿可有效防止烂菜,全封闭的生长和管理模式也可起到很好的防虫效果。     

不同覆盖处理对油茶细根生长与死亡的影响

目的 研究不同覆盖处理对油茶细根生长、死亡的影响,为油茶水分管理提供依据。 方法 采用微根管动态监测技术,以"长林4号"油茶林为试材,设置了黑地膜、油茶壳、花生秆+稻草、生态膜以及对照（无覆盖）5种处理,对林地0~40 cm土壤剖面的油茶细根进行了为期1年的观测。 结果 表明：花生秆+稻草处理和黑地膜处理显著增大了油茶活细根的总根长、总根尖数以及总表面积,其中以花生秆+稻草处理最优;但对活细根平均直径的促进作用却以黑地膜最为显著。4种覆盖处理死细根的总根长、总根尖数以及总表面积均大于对照;与对照处理相比,4种覆盖处理都有助于减小死细根的直径,且差异显著。油茶活细根的总根长、总根尖数以及总表面积在3月和6-7月出现峰值;而死细根的总根长、总根尖数以及总表面积在春季变化较平缓,而后缓慢上升。油茶细根的净生长速率呈先上升后下降趋势,在5-6月出现峰值。花生秆+稻草处理和黑地膜处理显著提高了油茶细根的年净（根长）生产力,其中花生秆+稻草处理作用最为明显。 结论 夏季为油茶细根生长和死亡的高峰期,花生秆+稻草处理对促进油茶活细根根量和年净（根长）生产力的作用最显著,黑地膜处理对促进油茶活细根直径的增大效果最明显。     

北疆牧区牧民定居后的生产经营模式 ——以昌吉市阿什里乡为例

本研究以北疆地区昌吉市阿什里乡的典型牧民定居点为研究对象, 采用问卷调查、入户调查和访谈等方法, 对125户定居牧民家庭进行调查研究。结果表明, 定居后的生产经营模式可分为7种类型, 其中“放牧+养殖奶牛+种植+务工”型生产经营模式的牧户比重最多, 占总牧户的39%, 该模式的牧民人均年收入为最高(11 320.47元·a-1);“放牧+养殖奶牛+种植”型生产经营模式的牧民人均年收入为中等(为9 488.1元·a-1);“养殖奶牛+种植”型生产经营模式的牧民人均年收入为最低(2 674.75元·a-1), 表明牧民人均年收入与经营模式高度相关, 经营模式越多元化, 经济收入越高。通过相关性及逐步回归分析发现, “放牧+养殖奶牛+种植+务工”型生产经营模式的人均年收入与家畜羊单位、人均放牧性投入、人均养殖奶牛业投入之间呈极显著正相关关系, 家畜羊单位头数是该模式中影响人均年收入的最强的关键因素。相关性分析及回归分析结论基本吻合, 充分说明牧民生产投入是提高人均收入的重要因素。