赣西北地区森林大型真菌区系成分初步分析

通过对赣西北地区森林大型真菌资源进行调查和区系分析,共确认隶属于子囊菌门和担子菌门的大型真菌216种,分属于42科82属。其中种类最多的科是多孔菌科,有33种;其次为红菇科30种,口蘑科和牛肝菌科各有20种,鹅膏菌科11种。该5个科占赣西北森林大型真菌总科数的11.91%,种数占总种数的52.78%。种数(包括种下单位)较多的属有红菇属(18种)、小皮伞属(12种)、乳菇属(12种)、牛肝菌属(10种)、鹅膏属(9种)、丝盖伞属(8种)、栓菌属(7种)和小菇属(5种)。属的区系地理成分可分为世界分布成分、泛热带成分、热带亚洲—热带美洲成分、热带亚洲—热带非洲成分、北温带成分、地中海区—西亚至中亚成分和东亚—北美洲成分,分析结果表明赣西北森林大型真菌的属以广布成分为主,其次为热带成分与北温带成分。     

内蒙古高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区大型真菌区系调查

内蒙古高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区大型真菌44科99属160种。其中，子囊菌门5科6属7种，担子菌门39科93属153种。含种类最多的5个科依次为白蘑科、多孔菌科、蘑菇科、红菇科和球盖菇科。区系特点表现为地域特色明显，多样性相对丰富，特有种少，与大兴安岭真菌区系有着明显的联系。     

施用农用化学品及生防制剂的大豆胞囊线虫田根际真菌区系动态

采用除草剂、尿素和线虫生防制剂豆丰1号颗粒剂处理大豆胞囊线虫田土壤，定期取样、分离和鉴定，研究不同处理根际土壤真菌区系的动态变化。试验表明：施用尿素有利于协调根际真菌区系平衡；除草剂施有后对根际真菌区系有抑制作用，但通过对除草剂有降解作用的真菌的产生可恢复根际真工力区系平衡；而颗粒剂的施用有利于有益真菌类群的增加，可通过向颗粒剂中添加多种大豆胞囊线虫寄生真菌如镰孢属（Fusarium)、粘帚霉属（Gliocladium)和拟青霉属（Paecilmyces）来进一步稳定和提高生防制剂的防治效果。     

The Mycobiota and Toxicity of Equine Feeds

Feed contamination can lead to nutrient losses and detrimental effects on animal health and production. The purposes of this study were to investigate the mycobiota in equine mixed feeds and to determine natural contamination with aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and fumonisin B₁ (FB₁). Fungal enumeration of equine feed samples was done. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was applied to quantify AFB₁ and FB₁. A comparison between ELISA and HPLC was carried out. Feed mould counts ranged from <1× 10² to 1× 10⁵ cfu/g. The most frequent genus isolated was Aspergillus (40.54%), followed by Penicillium (18.38%) and Fusarium (16.22%). The most prevalent Aspergillus sp. was A. flavus (36%). AFB₁ values ranged between 0.01 and 99.4 μg/kg. FB₁ levels ranged between 0.01 and 7.49 μg/kg. HPLC and ELISA methods showed positive correlation for AFB₁ and FB₁ determinations (r = 0.9851 and r = 0.9791, respectively). The ELISA analytical method was efficient for AFB₁ and FB₁ detection. The scarcity of studies on natural fungal contamination and on the presence of AFB₁ and FB₁ in materials used as equine feed ingredients highlights the value and contribution of this study.     

Comparative analyses of fungal biota carried by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda L.) in northern and southern Finland

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda, is a secondary colonizer of pines and other conifers. Although it is necessary to understand interactions of this insect with other organisms, few studies have focused on its fungal associates. This study focused on the effect of geographical distance on the occurrence of fungi carried by the beetle. Adult beetles were collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in North (Rovaniemi) and South (Hyytiälä) Finland. The mycota was isolated and identified using a combination of morphological and molecular data. The results revealed a great diversity of fungal taxa isolated from T. piniperda, with a total of 3073 isolates representing 20 taxonomic units. The most frequently isolated fungi in the bark beetles from North Finland were Beauveria bassiana, Kuraishia sp., whereas Penicillium velutinum was mostly observed in the insects from South Finland. Ophiostoma canum and Ophiostoma minus were also isolated from the beetles from both North and South Finland. The number of fungi isolates per insect was 2.58 in the North and 3.74 in the South, respectively. Significant differences were found between South and North Finland in fungal taxa isolated from the beetles. The highest richness and diversity of the fungal taxa was observed in the South. However, the overall fungal diversity index analysis revealed that the mycobiota was under-sampled which suggests that a proportion of the fungal species may have remained undetected.     

Fungi associated with Cyclaneusma needle cast in Scots pine in the west of Poland

Needles of Pinus sylvestris with and without symptoms of Cyclaneusma needle cast, from the west of Poland, were examined for abundance and diversity of fungi using Illumina sequencing. Fungal communities were dominated by Ascomycota (93.6%–98.6% of OTUs). Basidiomycota and non‐culturable fungi were less frequent. Needles were colonized by 260 taxa. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota were represented by 149, 39 and 1 taxa. Abundance of fungi was least in 1.5‐year‐old needles attached to twigs and greatest in fallen 2‐year‐old needles. Fungal communities had least diversity in 1.5‐year‐old needles and most diversity in 0.5‐year‐old needles of current growth. It was found that (a) the most common fungi were the needle pathogens Cyclaneusma minus, Lophodermium spp. and Sydowia polyspora; (b) less common potential pathogens were Cenangium ferruginosum, Coniothyrium complex, Desmazierella acicola, Neocatenulostroma germanicum and species in the genera Neodidymelliopsis, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, Pleurophoma and Pyrenochaeta; (c) common primary or secondary saprotrophs included species of Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Beauveria, Cladophialophora, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Exophiala, Lecanicillium, Penicillium, Cryptococcus and Kwoniella; (d) Lophodermium was represented mostly by Lophodermium pinastri which occurred 4–72 times more frequently than Lophodermium seditiosum; (e) frequencies of C. minus and C. ferruginosum were lower in the 0.5‐year‐old symptomless needles, increased in the symptomatic and symptomless 1.5‐year‐old needles and decreased after needle fall; (f) frequency of L. seditiosum was highest in 0.5‐year‐old needles; (g) frequency of L. pinastri increased with needle age whereas S. polyspora increased after needle fall; (h) lower frequency of L. pinastrii was associated with higher frequency of S. polyspora. It was concluded that Cyclaneusa needle cast in Poland may be caused by C. minus accompanied by C. ferruginosum, L. seditiosum, L. pinastrii and S. polyspora. Participation of Coniothyrium spp., Epicoccum nigrum, Pestalotiopsis spp. and Phoma spp. in the disease progress cannot be excluded.     

菌线克水剂对番茄根结线虫田根际真菌区系影响研究

采用线克水剂处理番茄根结线虫田土壤,定期取样、分离和鉴定,研究处理后根际土壤真区系的动态变化.试验结果表明,施用线克水剂处理和空白对照土壤中土壤微生物2个多样性指数变化趋势基本一致,有利于协调根际真区系平衡,施用线克水剂苗期对根际真菌区系有抑制作用,但通过刺激根系生长,增加了根系分泌物可恢复根际真菌区系平衡,在开花坐果期和结果期,拟青霉属等有益真类群增加,今后可通过向线克水剂添加多种番茄根结线虫寄生真菌来进一步稳定和提高生防制剂的防治效果.