D-Dimer Improves the Prognostic Value of Combined Clinical and Laboratory Data in Equine Gastrointestinal Colic

The discriminating ability of 15 parameters alone or in combinations, including results from analysis of plasma endotoxin, the Nycomed plasma D-Dimer test and phospholipase A₂, were analyzed to predict morbidity and mortality in equine gastrointestinal colic. Endotoxaemia was a characteristic feature of the colic horses. The problem of adequately predicting non-survivors among colic horses required several parameters to be included in the logistic model: if the “classical parameters”, (heart rate, respiratory rate, PCV, anion gap) were included in the model, addition of plasma D-dimer, phospholipase A₂, and Cl^- significantly improved the predictive value of the logistic model. Increasing heart rate and D-dimer together with decreasing chloride was a risk factor for nonsurvival. The sensitivity of this three-parameter logistic model to predict nonsurvival was 78% and specificity 77%. The Nycomed D-Dimer test is recommended as a horse-site test to predict disseminated intravascular coagulation and nonsurvival in equine colic.     

The action of phosphine against the eggs of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of Rhyzopertha dominica F

The effect of phosphine at exposure periods of 24, 48 and 120 h on hatching and mortality of 0- to 1-day-old eggs of susceptible (TN6) and resistant (FC10) strains of Rhyzopertha dominica of field origin was investigated. The fumigant affected hatching in both the strains. In a 48-h exposure at 27 (+/- 2) degrees C, the LD99 doses for the eggs of TN6 and FC10 were 0.56 and 3.25 mg litre-1, respectively. Significant reduction in hatching was observed in treated batches with progressive increase of phosphine dose in the first 2-3 days. On subsequent days the numbers hatching were often similar to those in controls, and sometimes exceeded control hatch, especially following a 5-day exposure. A critical change in the order of susceptibility of egg and adult stages of the two strains was noticed. In 48-h exposures, eggs of the susceptible strain were more tolerant than their adults, whilst the reverse was true in the resistant strain.     

The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林土壤酶活性的异质性

利用传统统计学与地统计学相结合的方法对小兴安岭谷地不同死亡程度云冷杉林表层土壤（0~20cm）酶活性空间异质性和格局进行研究。结果表明：①土壤脲酶变异函数曲线的理论模型符合线性模型,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的理论模型符合指数模型或球状模型。②土壤酶活性各项指标的空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性指标的空间自相关程度均属较强以上（空间结构比均在75%以上）,土壤转化酶为中等（空间结构比均在25%以上）,土壤脲酶在较弱到中等之间变化。③云冷杉林表层土壤过氧化氢酶的自相关范围最大（0.58~3.08 m）,转化酶和碱性磷酸酶分别为1.41~3.98 m和0.91~4.29 m,而土壤脲酶自相关范围最小（15.426~16.673 m）。④土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的空间格局明显,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶的分数维分别为1.930~1.990,1.910~1.986,1.923~1.997和1.936~1.970。     

九龙江口鳔亚科两种鱼类生长和死亡参数的估算

基于2010年9月—2013年5月连续33个月份在九龙江口紫泥、岛美、浮宫3个站位流刺网和定置网调查采集的样本,对斑鲦和花鲦的生长和死亡特性进行了初步研究,并利用单位补充量产量模型对斑鲦和花鲦渔业的开发状态进行了评估．结果表明：1）斑鲦的体长分布范围为29．0—190．30删,平均为103．54mm;体重分布范围为0．30～121．20g,平均为19．88g．VonBertalanffy生长参数L∞=204．75nlin,K=0．36,t0=-0．45a,总死亡系数、自然死亡系数和捕捞死亡系数分别为1．14、0．46842和0．67158;渔业生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax分别为0．64752和0．74556．2）花鲦的体长分布范围为42．00—143．00min,平均为89．26mm;体重分布范围为1．00—43．85g,平均为11．32g．其生长参数L∞、K和to分别为152．25mm、0．32和-0．55a,总死亡系数、自然死亡系数和捕捞死亡系数分别为1．54、0．47105和1．06895;渔业生物学参考点F0.1和Fmax;分别为1．16578和1．32132．通过YPR模型分析得出：斑鳔资源处于过度捕捞状态,花鲦资源尚未过度利用．     

渤海对虾流网作业中掉虾数量及其成活率的研究

根据对虾流网结构特点设计兼有捕虾和接获网上掉虾功能的专用网具,研究了对虾流网作业全过程的掉虾数量;同时还对暂养模拟掉虾和对虾在网上直接死亡率作了调查;并研究了流网掉下对虾的成活率。所得结果为调整渤海区秋季对虾汛的捕捞结构,实行以流网代替拖网作业的管理决策提供了科学依据。     

浙江南部近海小黄鱼生长、死亡和单位补充量渔获量

浙江南部近海是东海种群小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的重要繁殖和育肥场所。根据2016年2月、5月、8月和11月采集的2023尾浙江南部近海小黄鱼全长、体长和体重等生物学信息,利用体长频率分布估算小黄鱼种群生长、死亡参数,并利用Beverton-Holt动态综合模型评估探讨单位补充量渔获量在不同自然死亡系数和渔具选择下随捕捞死亡系数的变化趋势。研究结果表明小黄鱼von Bertalanffy生长参数为渐近体长L_∞=22.58 cm,生长速率K=0.78/a,初始年龄t_a=-0.37 a;自然死亡系数M值为1.343,总死亡系数Z值为4.432,捕捞死亡系数F为3.089,开发率E为0.697,表明资源处于过度开发状态;小黄鱼的首次捕捞体长L_(50)=13.11cm,对应首次捕捞平均年龄t_c=0.743 a,小于临界年龄(0.886a)和体重生长的拐点年龄(0.979a),渔业主要捕捞对象为幼鱼和补充群体,无法保证资源的有效补充;根据B-H动态模型,当前的YPR值为15.279 g/ind,若降低捕捞强度到1.685,对应YPR_(max)为17.061 g/ind,与当前产量相比增幅11.66%;若提高开捕体长(13.11cm→16.0cm),YPR_(cur)会出现显著提高(15.279 g/ind→18.766 g/ind),增幅达22.82%,表明提高开捕体长要优于降低捕捞强度。当前东海小黄鱼群系处于小型低龄化和过度开发状态,建议将小黄鱼的开捕体长提高为15 cm,保证小黄鱼的产卵亲体量及资源的可持续发展。     

丽蚜小蜂寄生对Q型烟粉虱生长发育的影响

为明确丽蚜小蜂寄生对Q型烟粉虱的影响,通过室内饲养观察不同龄期Q型烟粉虱被丽蚜小蜂寄生后的生长发育,并比较了被寄生后烟粉虱若虫的个体大小及死亡率。结果表明,2龄、3龄和4龄烟粉虱若虫被寄生后均能继续发育,2龄若虫蜕皮进入3龄和3龄若虫蜕皮进入4龄的时间与对照间无显著差异,而被寄生若虫的4龄期显著延长。对于同一龄期的烟粉虱若虫,丽蚜小蜂偏向于选择较大的个体寄生,2龄和3龄被寄生若虫发育后期个体比未被寄生个体大,但4龄时被寄生的个体在发育后期略小于未被寄生个体,显示丽蚜小蜂对不同龄期若虫的生长发育影响不同。2龄若虫死亡率为61.64%,显著高于3龄和4龄若虫;4龄若虫褐蛹率最高,为48.84%。表明无论寄生哪一发育阶段的烟粉虱若虫,丽蚜小蜂的寄生均为容性寄生,田间应用丽蚜小蜂防治Q型烟粉虱时在其若虫3~4龄时释放更适宜。     

玉米螟不同虫态发生期、发生量对第1,2代玉米螟发生程度的影响

通过对第１,２代玉米螟各虫态发生期、发生量和为害率的连续调查结果分析表明：玉米螟各代的虫量基数只是影响当代发生程度的因素之一,并不能决定发生程度。玉米螟的发生程度与当代发生数量呈正相关,与田间落卵量关系更为密切,与发生时期关系不大。发生数理与发生历期呈正相关,第１,２代玉米螟的发生程度没有必然的联系,而表现为间断性和相对独立性。第２代玉米螟的田间产卵量是第１代玉米螟的３．７５～７．１倍,造成玉米被害率成倍增加。     

超声波对粘虫的处理效果

以常见害虫粘虫为试验材料,用不同剂量超声波处理成虫,观察处理后期粘虫发育阶段的死亡率和羽化率变化情况。结果表明:随着超声波剂量的增大,粘虫死亡率呈明显上升趋势,羽化率有明显下降趋势,超声波作用生物效应显著,当作用时间为140 s时,成虫死亡率急剧升高,高于50%,当作用时间超过180 s时,几乎没有羽化的粘虫。