Strawberry Shelf Life,Composition, and Enzymes Activity in Response to Edible Chitosan Coatings

A series of active biodegradable coatings based on chitosan, gelatin, starch, and sorbitol with or without monoterpenes (geraniol and thymol) were prepared and applied on fresh strawberry fruit as postharvest treatments. The coated fruits were inoculated with fungal spores of Botrytis cinerea and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Decay incidence, weight loss, anthocyanins, total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble phenolics (TSP), polygalacturonase (PGase), pectin-lyase (PLase), antioxidant activity, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) were elucidated in the fruits of experimental sets and they were compared with that of controls. The coatings showed a significant effect on the development of quality variables, with the additional effect of geraniol and thymol as a function of the polysaccharide matrix. The coatings inhibited decay incidence, reduced weight loss, delayed changes in the contents of anthocyanin, TSS, and total soluble phenolics; inhibited the increase in G-POD and PPO activities; and retarded the reduction in CAT activity. Compared to the controls, all of the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes (PGase and PLase) and among all the tested coatings, T5, chitosan (1%) + starch (1%) + sorbitol (0.5%) + tween (0.05%) + thymol (0.02%) was the best. This formulation showed also the highest antimicrobial activity and the greatest effect on other physiochemical parameters and it can be suggested to use it as a useful coating agent for extending the shelf-life and maintaining quality of strawberry fruit.     

不同架式‘爱神玫瑰’葡萄果实成熟期间单萜积累及相关基因的表达

【目的】探讨不同架式对葡萄果实成熟期间单萜类化合物合成的影响,进一步从基因表达水平揭示基因转录与单萜积累的关系,以期为生产中架式选择及葡萄果实香味品质的提高提供一定的理论依据。【方法】以T型和V型架式栽培的‘爱神玫瑰’葡萄果实为试材,于果实成熟初期（花后30 d）开始取样,直至果实完全成熟。连续两年常规方法测定果实样品可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量,利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱与质谱联用技术（SPEME-GC-MS）测定果实中单萜类组分和含量的变化,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析单萜合成途径中关键基因脱氧木酮糖磷酸合酶基因（DXS1和DXS3）、脱氧木酮糖磷酸还原异构酶基因（DXR）、异戊烯基焦磷酸还原酶基因（HDR）、里那醇合成酶基因（Liner syn）和萜品醇合成酶基因（Terp syn）的表达变化。【结果】随着果实成熟,可溶性固形物含量逐渐升高,而可滴定酸含量逐渐降低。成熟期的T型架葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量显著高于V型架,可滴定酸含量没有显著差异。2016年和2017年两种架式果实样品中分别检测到27和28种单萜类化合物。检测结果表明不同架式主要萜烯类化合物组分不尽相同,随着果实成熟,主要萜烯类成分也发生变化。成熟时,T型架果实中主要单萜类化合物有里那醇、柠檬烯、α-萜品醇、β-cis-罗勒烯和香叶醇;V型架主要有里那醇、α-萜品醇、柠檬烯、橙花醚和β-cis-罗勒烯等,其中以里那醇含量最高。2016年成熟期T型架果实单萜总量达到108.18 μg?L ^-1,是V型架最高含量的1.9倍。而2017年成熟期T型架果实单萜总量达到403.24 μg?L ^-1,是V型架最高含量的1.5倍;大多数单萜类化合物含量在成熟时表现为T型架显著高于V型架。在整个果实成熟期间,两种架式葡萄果实单萜类化合物积累表现为两种变化模式,包括里那醇、香叶醇、橙花醇及萜品醇等在内的大部分化合物遵循第一种模式,即在果实成熟时含量达到最高。但是不同架式表现又略微不同,(E,Z)-别罗勒烯、β-cis-罗勒烯、柠檬烯和α-萜品醇等化合物在T型架果实中表现为先下降,花后57 d急剧升高,成熟后期（花后76 d）又下降的趋势。而在V型架果实中这些化合物含量随着果实成熟逐渐上升,花后48 d达到积累高峰,之后又逐渐下降至最低含量。另外,果实成熟期间单萜合成途径基因（DXS1、DXS3、DXR、DHR、Liner syn 和Terp syn）表达量随着果实成熟呈上升趋势。不同架式葡萄果实成熟期间单萜总量积累规律与DXS3、HDR、Liner syn和Terp syn表达规律相似。成熟期T型架果实中各个基因表达量明显高于V型架,与单萜类化合物积累模式相一致。【结论】T型架式栽培更有利于果实单萜类物质的积累,T型架式单萜类化合物的高效积累与其代谢途径多个关键酶基因高效表达密切相关。     

华山松不同部位挥发性单萜烯的含量及其对华山松木蠹象行为的影响

通过GC-MS分析,发现健康的与遭受华山松木蠹象Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang危害的华山松Pinus armandii Franch树干以及华山松枝梢释放的挥发性单萜烯在含量上存在较大差别;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪进行的室内趋向反应实验发现,处于补充营养期和交尾产卵期的华山松木蠹象对单萜烯表现出不同的趋向反应。在华山松枝梢挥发物中含量较高的(-)-β-蒎烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯引起补充营养期华山松木蠹象较大的趋向反应;在华山松树干韧皮部挥发物中含量较高的3-(+)-蒈烯则引起交尾产卵期的华山松木蠹象较大的趋向反应。根据试验结果,对华山松和华山松木蠹象互作的机制进行了初步探讨。     

Applications of terpene analysis in forest genetics

Terpenoid substances in forest trees are versatile biochemical systems for use as genetic markers and for studying genetic regulation at the biochemical level. Univariate, multivariate and correlative data analyses from numerous studies on different coniferous species are presented. These data indicate that fitness values for most terpenes examined are probably so low as to be unmeasurable except in long evolutionary time spans. Variation patterns for monoterpenes often closely parallel racial differentiation for morphological traits and reflect the migratory history of species and species-complexes. Random drift and gene flow are likely the major influences on genetic organization of terpene variability. Mutation in regulatory genes may be responsible for quantitative variation within major gene systems for terpenes. The mono-, sesqui- and diterpene systems in conifers offer good opportunities for research on the nature of gene regulation in plants and its evolutionary significance.     

Enhancement of attraction and trap catches of the old-house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), by combination of male sex pheromone and monoterpenes

Monoterpenoid compounds extracted from wood of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L, synergized the attraction of the old-house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (L), to the male pheromone (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone ((3R)-ketol) + 1-butanol. Glasshouse experiments using ground traps baited with extracts derived from Scots pine wood or the monoterpenes (+)-alpha-pinene, (-)-verbenone, (-)-trans-pinocarveol and (+)-terpinen-4-ol attracted significantly more H bajulus females, but caught fewer of them, than the synthetic pheromone mixture alone. Traps baited with higher concentrations of the monoterpene mixture attracted fewer females than those baited with lower dosages, whilst very high concentrations of the mixture (6-10 vials) caught no insects. However, a combination of (3R)-ketol + 1-butanol or (+/-)-3-ketol + 1-butanol with monoterpenes resulted in the capture of significantly more females than either the sex pheromone or the monoterpene mixture alone. Traps baited with a blend of the male's sex pheromone or the monoterpenes attracted significantly more, but caught fewer, males than females. Here again, a combination of the above blends enhanced the attraction of males significantly when compared with the attractancy of either of the compounds/mixtures used alone.     

低温贮藏对鲜食葡萄果实中单萜化合物的影响

【目的】探讨低温贮藏过程中游离态和糖苷结合态单萜组分和含量变化趋势,从更加全面的代谢物角度诠释玫瑰香气成分变化规律,为更好地研究贮藏期间葡萄风味品质的变化和最佳贮藏条件的建立提供理论依据。【方法】以两个优新葡萄品种‘瑞都红玫’和‘瑞都早红’为试材,选取健康果实预冷至-1—0℃,放入PE葡萄保鲜膜中,封口入库（（2±1）℃,90% RH）。每15 d取样一次,共取样3次,常规方法测定果实理化指标和外观品质指标;顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱与质谱联用技术（SPME-GC-MS）测定果实中游离态和糖苷结合态单萜类组分和含量的变化。【结果】低温贮藏过程中,两个品种葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量呈现降低的趋势,可滴定酸含量变化趋势略有不同;失重率、烂果率、落粒率和果梗褐变指数随着低温贮藏时间延长而升高,果柄耐拉力随贮藏时间延长而降低。化合物分析结果显示,里那醇、β-月桂烯、β-cis-罗勒烯、柠檬烯、cis-呋喃型氧化里那醇和香叶醇等是两个葡萄品种的主要游离态单萜成分;而主要糖苷结合态单萜有里那醇、β-月桂烯、香叶醇、香叶醛、β-cis-罗勒烯和橙花醚等。低温贮藏过程中,总游离态单萜含量显著降低,28种游离态单萜的变化趋势聚为4类;相较于贮藏初期,大部分游离态化合物含量呈现降低趋势。主成分分析结果显示香叶酸（M28）、橙花醚（M14）、里那醇（M16）和4-松油烯醇（M17）等游离态单萜可以作为不同贮藏时间样品区分的主要贡献差异单萜成分。各个糖苷结合态单萜在贮藏过程中也表现不同的变化趋势,总结合态单萜含量与游离态单萜呈现相反的趋势。结合态氧化玫瑰是区分两个品种的主要标记物。【结论】‘瑞都红玫’低温耐贮性优于‘瑞都早红’;低温贮藏会引起游离态单萜含量显著降低;游离态香叶酸、橙花醚等化合物可以作为不同时间贮藏样品区分的主要成分;结合态氧化玫瑰可作为品种区分的标记物。     

The effects of volatile oils on in vitro potato sprout growth

Summary The effects of 10 volatile oils and their main compounds on potato sprout growth were investigated in vitro. Sprout growth was inhibited especially by the volatile oils fromOriganum onites, Rosa damascena, Carum carvi, Mentha piperita, Echinophora tuneifolia andCoriandrum sativum. The major compound of volatile oils was carvacrol (78.2%) inO. onites, citronellol (46.7%) inR. damascena, S-(+)-carvone (54.9%) inC. carvi, menthol (44.1%) inM. piperita, α phelladrene (45.9%) inE. tuneifolia and linalool (76.5%) inC. sativum. The results showed that some volatile oils rich in monoterpenic compounds such as carvacrol, citronellol, geraniol, nerol and S-(+)-carvone were able to prevent the growth of sprouts and extend the storage-life of the potato tubers.     

Distribution of the cis-sabinene hydrate acetate-chemotype in accessions of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.)

The bicyclic monoterpenes cis-sabinene hydrate and cis-sabinene hydrate acetate are considered to be responsible for the special flavor of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.). Analysis of single plants of different marjoram accessions revealed the presence of a chemotype that divided the samples into two groups, with cis-sabinene hydrate acetate present either at high amounts of above 19% or at low amounts below 2%. Additionally, an arrow negative correlation of the concentration of cis-sabinene hydrate to its acetate was observed (R² = 0.92).Since no trans-sabinene hydrate acetate could be found in the analyzed samples, the formation of cis-sabinene hydrate acetate seems to be a result of a specific enzymatic conversion in marjoram. Among 20 accessions ofmarjoram studied, 17 were heterogeneous for the cis-sabinene hydrate acetate chemotype with frequencies of the low cis-sabinene hydrate acetate type between10% and 50%. If further sensorial studies can give leads as to which of the two compounds contributes to the preferred flavor, the variation observed in this study among natural populations could be used in breeding towards an optimized quality of marjoram. The analytical technique applied in this study can be used to screen high sample numbers with a reasonable effort and time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interannual and interseasonal soil CO2 efflux and VOC exchange rates in a Mediterranean holm oak forest in response to experimental drought

Climate models predict drier conditions in the next decades in the Mediterranean basin. Given the importance of soil CO₂ efflux in the global carbon balance and the important role of soil monoterpene and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil ecology, we aimed to study the effects of the predicted drought on soil CO₂, monoterpenes and other VOC exchange rates and their seasonal and interannual variations. We decreased soil water availability in a Mediterranean holm oak forest soil by means of an experimental drought system performed since 1999 to the present. Measurements of soil gas exchange were carried out with IRGA, GC and PTR-MS techniques during two annual campaigns of contrasting precipitation. Soil respiration was twice higher the wet year than the dry year (2.27±0.26 and 1.05±0.15, respectively), and varied seasonally from 3.76±0.85 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in spring, to 0.13±0.01 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in summer. These results highlight the strong interannual and interseasonal variation in CO₂ efflux in Mediterranean ecosystems. The drought treatment produced a significant soil respiration reduction in drought plots in the wet sampling period. This reduction was even higher in wet springs (43% average reduction). These results show (1) that soil moisture is the main factor driving seasonal and interannual variations in soil respiration and (2) that the response of soil respiration to increased temperature is constrained by soil moisture. The results also show an additional control of soil CO₂ efflux by physiology and phenology of trees and animals. Soil monoterpene exchange rates ranged from −0.01 to 0.004 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹, thus the contribution of this Mediterranean holm oak forest soil to the total monoterpenes atmospheric budget seems to be very low. Responses of individual monoterpenes and VOCs to the drought treatment were different depending on the compound. This suggests that the effect of soil moisture reduction in the monoterpenes and VOC exchange rates seems to be dependent on monoterpene and VOC type. In general, soil monoterpene and other VOC exchange rates were not correlated with soil CO₂ efflux. In all cases, only a low proportion of variance was explained by the soil moisture changes, since almost all VOCs increased their emission rates in summer 2005, probably due to the effect of high soil temperature. Results indicate thus that physical and biological processes in soil are controlling soil VOC exchange but further research is needed on how these factors interact to produce the observed VOCs exchange responses.