犬螨病继发细菌感染的快速鉴定及药敏试验

2008年至2010年,应用自动细菌鉴定及药敏测试仪从不同螨病犬的皮肤中分离到细菌性病原。通过对分离株的病原形态学、培养特征的观察,生化特性细菌编码的自动检测,结果表明犬螨病继发细菌感染的主要病原为中间葡萄球菌、化脓链球菌及铜绿假单胞菌。其中中间葡萄球菌分离率显著高于其他3种菌。微量药敏试验结果显示,4株分离菌对头孢曲松、头孢噻吩、红霉素、沙拉沙星和林可霉素敏感,对头孢拉定、阿米卡星、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星及环丙沙星中度敏感,对氨苄青霉素、青霉素、链霉素不敏感。     

蜂蟹螨(Varroa destructor)对福化利抗药性及其防治的研究

建立培养皿药膜法进行蜂蟹螨福化利(Fluvalinate)抗药浓度检测方法。分别以福化利浓度为0、12.5、25、50、100mg/L进行台湾5处蜂场蜂蟹螨抗福化利剂量调查,经回归分析,计算LC50之浓度介于23.75～79.25mg/L之间,比意大利抗性螨385～857mg/L仍低很多,显示抗药性尚未大幅增加。以隔落螨法防治蜂蟹螨平均每日可捕捉44.7～49.1只。比较隔落螨法、割雄蜂蛹加隔落螨法、蚁酸加隔落螨法、福化利防治法的效果,当蜂蟹螨密度不高时,可采用隔落螨法或加割雄蜂蛹方式进行防治,蜂蟹螨密度高时,可先以福化利、蚁酸进行1～2次防治,再配合隔落螨法,将可达到长期防治效果。     

甲螨生态学在畜牧业生产中的应用研究

本研究系统揭示了新疆不同干旱气候区的甲螨生态规律,首次提出新疆绵羊裸头科绦虫分区防治的最佳时间表及综合防治制度,科学地解决了畜牧业生产中的实际问题,取得了明显的控制效果,从而加速防病灭病的进程。     

稗草对双季稻生长的影响及其防除经济阈值研究

稗草是中国南方双季稻稻田的恶性杂草,对水稻生产造成严重威胁。为明确稗草对双季稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻生长与产量性状的变化规律。结果表明,在稗草的竞争干扰下,双季早、晚稻的株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低。指数模型y=be^ax可以较好地拟合稗草对早稻分蘖数、有效穗数和产量的影响,而二次曲线模型y=ax²+bx+c拟合稗草与株高、每穗实粒数、千粒重和产量损失间的关系最佳;二次曲线模型y=ax²+bx+c均可较好地拟合稗草与晚稻株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重、产量和产量损失间的关系。稻田使用化学除草剂(丁草胺、二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺)防除时,双季早、晚稻稻田稗草的经济危害水平分别为1.64%~2.91%和1.28%~2.28%,经济阈值分别为0.63~1.23株/m²和1.30~1.85株/m²。稗草对水稻生长有抑制作用, 并导致水稻产量损失;通过对经济阈值分析,化学除草剂防治稗草具有明显的经济优势。     

Studies on the Epidemiology of Tropical Theileriosis (Theileria annulata Infection) in Cattle in Central Anatolia,Turkey

An epidemiological survey for Theileria annulata infection was conducted in 12 selected villages around Ankara in Central Anatolia, Turkey, during the period April 1990 to January 1993. During the survey, 198 cattle of 30 local breeds, 84 Holstein-Friesian×local breeds and 84 Holstein-Friesian breed were examined for antibodies to T. annulata and the presence of the vector ticks. Four species of Hyalomma ticks were identified: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavtum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum. Salivary gland staining indicated that infected adult ticks of all four species were present and, therefore, were implicated in the transmission of tropical theileriosis in the field. Generally, the Hyalomma infestation rate was low, with the heaviest infestations occurring on the older animals. Young adults and calves had very low infestation rates. Most ticks seen on cattle were adults, very few nymphs were found. The blood smear and serological examination of the 198 cattle conducted in March, before the start of the first disease season, showed that the prevalence of piroplasmosis was 11.1% (22 out of 198) and the seroprevalence of T. annulata was 10.6% (21 out of 198). Forty-three animals were then excluded from the study because they were seropositive and/or harboured piroplasms. Ninety-two seronegative animals showed piroplasmosis (92 out of 155) and 34 seronegative animals became seropositive for T. annulata (34 out of 155) during the three disease seasons. One animal became clinically ill with tropical theileriosis and required treatment. The incidence of cattle showing piroplasmosis and disease in the total study sample was 50.7% and 0.5% per disease season, respectively. The seroconversion rate of new infection with T. annulata in the total study was 14.3% per animal season. The number of cattle showing piroplasmosis was much greater than the number of seropositive cattle, which may indicate the presence of another species of Theileria. The two different management systems encountered in the study were considered to have influenced the tick infestation levels.     

臭氧水防治草莓二斑叶螨的效果评价

臭氧水具有强氧化性,能有效杀灭环境中的病菌和害虫。本研究采用草莓上的二斑叶螨体表观察和田间防效试验评价了臭氧水对二斑叶螨的防治效果。试验结果显示,4.0-4.5 mg·L-1和1.0-1.5 mg·L-1的臭氧水均能够显著降低二斑叶螨的虫口密度,防效高达95.46%和91.28%,且显著提升二斑叶螨的死亡率,但臭氧水浓度过高会抑制草莓植株的生长,破坏草莓的叶片。通过对二斑叶螨体表的观察发现,利用臭氧水的强氧化性,有效破坏了二斑叶螨的体表组织,因此在二斑叶螨发生期连续使用臭氧水可以有效控制螨的为害。本研究综合防效和安全性评价表明,1.0-1.5 mg·L-1的臭氧水对二斑叶螨具有良好的防效,对草莓和授粉的蜜蜂也具有安全性,为二斑叶螨的防治提供了一种理想的方式,具有较高推广价值。