Estimation of daily and total lactation milk yield of Chios ewes from single morning or evening records

Linear models were developed and evaluated for the estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield of dairy sheep from single morning (am) or evening (pm) milking records. A total of 22,908 individual test-day milk records of 5110 ewes of the Chios breed, raised in 46 flocks, were used. Depending on the model, different daily milk yield estimates were derived for each ewe, accounting for lactation number, stage of lactation, season of previous lambing and interval between successive milkings. Daily milk yield was also estimated from doubling the single am or pm record. Actual and estimated yields were compared using root mean square errors (RMSEs), mean absolute differences, an accuracy parameter defined as the ratio of the actual yield variance over the sum of the variances of actual yield and absolute difference, and the product moment correlation between estimated and actual yield. Results were validated on independent datasets. Linear models resulted in less biased and more accurate estimates of the daily milk yield than simply doubling the am or pm record. Root mean square errors decreased by 7-37% and the mean absolute difference was reduced by 1-4% of the average daily yield. Higher accuracy and correlation were obtained from linear model application than doubling. Total lactation milk yield was predicted based on actual daily yield and compared to predictions based on estimated daily yield from am or pm records, as well as directly on single milking records. Root mean square errors obtained when daily yield had been estimated with linear models were 26-35% lower compared to doubling the am or pm yield and 0-13% lower compared to estimating the total lactation yield directly from single milking records. Linear model application also resulted in lower mean absolute difference and higher accuracy and correlation than doubling the am or pm record. Recording the yield of a single milking (am or pm) instead of both can benefit milk recording by reducing its cost and increasing farmer participation. In this context, linear models developed in the present study can be used for the accurate estimation of daily (24 h) and total lactation milk yield from single milking records.     

黑龙江省机械化挤奶站建设利用的现状、问题与对策

黑龙江省是我国重要的乳品生产基地,机械化集中挤奶站是奶源基地建设的有效生产组织形式。本文首先从发展规模、投资经营方式、奶站布局和设备选型方面分析了黑龙江省机械化集中挤奶站建设利用的现状,然后从设备选型、配套方案、使用管理和奶站企业关系等方面提出了存在的问题,最后基于问题产生的根源,结合实际经验,从科学研究、技能培训和关系协调等方面给出了解决问题的对策建议。     

灌浆成熟期温度对稻米品质及有关生理生化特性的影响

1987年在湖南农学院分早、中、晚三季研究灌浆成熟期温度对稻米品质及有关生理生化特性的影响,结果表明:a.茎、鞘、叶的总淀粉和粗蛋白质含量快速减少,籽粒总淀粉和蛋白质积累快,直链淀粉和蛋白质含量升高,淀粉酶和蛋白酶浓度提高,气温大于35℃时淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活性则更高,可溶性糖在灌浆成熟后期增加,温度在30～35℃范围内,Q酶活性最高,籽粒直链淀粉减少。b.灌浆成熟期温度提高,籽粒灌浆速率增大,时间缩短,谷粒物质致密度差,容重下降,垩白指数增大,胶稠度变硬,糊化温度上升。此外,还探讨了稻米品质形成的气候生态生理机制。     

日粮阴阳离子水平对围产期奶水牛泌乳性能的影响

本试验研究了日粮阴阳离子(DCAD)水平对围产期的泌乳水牛采食量、尿液pH值、泌乳初期泌乳性能的影响。选择32头2胎以上、品种、上期泌乳量、健康体况相似的处于围产期的泌乳水牛,随机分成4个组,分别饲喂DCAD水平为+139.89、+54.22、-29.11和-110.21mmoL/kg的4种日粮进行试验,试验期为产前21 d开始至产后30 d。结果表明:随着日粮DCAD水平的降低,各组间试验水牛干物质采食量无显著差异,尿液pH值随之显著降低。各组产奶量无显著差异,但可提高水牛产后泌乳量2.50%～4.86%,极显著降低水牛乳体细胞数(P<0.01);乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳糖率均有显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,泌乳水牛日粮适宜DCAD水平为-110.21 mmoL/kg左右。     

'Looking up' behavior in the holding area of the milking parlor: its relationship with step-kick, flight responses and productivity of commercial dairy cows

Commercial dairy cows milked in a parlor system are packed close together in the holding area before milking. The present study examined the relationships of ‘looking up’ behavior with some other behaviors and the productivity of 1116–1153 cows from five farms. The individual identities of the cows looking up in the holding area were recorded at 5 min intervals during six intermittent afternoon milking sessions. Entrance into the milking parlor and the numbers of steps and kicks by cows while the milking person was attaching the milking cups, were recorded in six milking sessions. Flight responses in the pasture after milking were recorded over four days intermittently. The frequency of ‘looking up’ behavior weakly, but significantly correlated with flight starting distance (r = 0.10, P < 0.05), while the correlation with the number of step‐kicks during milking was not significant. As for productivity, lactation number (r = ?0.18, P < 0.001), milk yield (r = ?0.15, P < 0.001) and fat content (r = ?0.15, P < 0.001) were negatively correlated with the frequency of ‘looking up’ behavior. Age of cows was correlated with the frequency of ‘looking up’ behavior as well as lactation number (r = ?0.21, P < 0.001). Entrance order was positively correlated with the frequency of ‘looking up’ behavior (r = 0.15, P < 0.001). The ‘looking up’ behavior was observed more frequently in cows in their third or less lactation compared with cows which were in their fourth or greater lactation (P < 0.05). The lactation number of cows was correlated with their milk yield (r = 0.36, P < 0.001) and flight starting distance (r = ?0.21, P < 0.001). In conclusion, ‘looking up’ behavior shown by cows in the holding area before milking might be an indicator of low motivation for milking, mainly because of fear of humans, and an aversion to milking caused by insufficient experience in being milked.     

摩本杂F1奶水牛泌乳性能研究

在昆明小哨开展摩本杂F₁水牛的泌乳性能测定，结果表明该杂交牛的泌乳期相对较长,少数个体可长达370 d以上,一般平均为292±45.5 d；一个泌乳期的正常泌乳量平均为2015.38 kg(1761.25~2299.54 kg),平均日产乳量6.39 kg。     

挤奶频率对奶牛生产性能的影响

文章介绍了挤奶频率对奶牛泌乳性能、繁殖性能、健康与福利等方面的影响。     

大薸对奶厅废水主要污染物的去除效果研究

为探索低成本高效率的奶厅废水处理新技术,本研究以大薸（Pistia stratiotes）为研究对象,选择某奶牛养殖场奶厅废水原水、厌氧处理后和好氧处理后的废水开展室内试验,重点研究大薸对奶厅废水中主要胁迫盐分的耐受浓度阈值,以及大薸对奶厅废水中基础养分（TN、TP、COD等）和阴离子盐（SO₄^2-、Cl^-等）的去除效果。结果表明：当奶厅废水的电导率未超过2 193~2 527 μS·cm^-1时,大薸对奶厅废水中的盐分具有耐受性。但当奶厅废水中两种主要阴离子盐SO₄^2-和Cl^-含量分别超过5 mmol·L^-1和15~25mmol·L^-1时,大薸抗氧化酶活性受到抑制。在净化三类奶厅废水的过程中,大薸对水体COD的削减作用最为明显,减少了65.51%~86.75%,TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP含量分别降低了69.46%~87.52%、64.00%~96.59%和30.73%~66.02%,而SO₄^2-和Cl^-分别被大薸吸收了16.37%~18.04%和22.02%~35.83%。此外,大薸处理时间为23 d时,对奶厅废水原水和厌氧处理后的废水中多种污染物的去除效果最好。奶厅废水经厌氧处理后,大薸对多种污染物的削减作用更为明显,对水体中TN、NH₄⁺-N、TOC、SO₄^2-和Cl^-的去除效果较原水分别提升了9.60%、42.83%、40.94%、2.00%和13.81%。研究表明,大薸对奶厅废水中盐分具有耐受性,且奶厅废水经厌氧处理后大薸可以更为有效地降低其中主要污染物含量。