湖南镇水库浮游生物及其影响因子的典范对应分析

2006年至2007年间调查了蓝藻(Cyanophyta)暴发水体——湖南镇水库的浮游生物群落结构及其变化,研究了其与环境参数之间的关系。调查期间,共鉴定出浮游植物96种(属),浮游动物73种(属)。单位水体浮游植物平均细胞数量变化于0.49×106～16.71×106L-1之间,浮游动物则变化于8～3548L-1之间。春、夏季螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena sporoides)水华持续数月,水体表层细胞密度高达2.28×108L-1,进入秋季后其优势逐渐被颤藻属(Oscillatoria)蓝藻取代。典范对应分析显示,浮游植物的季节演替规律与螺旋鱼腥藻数量、总溶解固形物(TDS)和透明度(SD)存在较高的相关性,浮游动物演替主要与溶解在水中的微囊藻(Microcystis)毒素(EMC)、营养盐和螺旋鱼腥藻数量相关。由于高水平营养盐的存在,上行效应无法有效限制蓝藻的发生,水华蓝藻以其数量优势改变了水体理化条件,成为影响浮游植物群落的潜在因素,而营养盐可能通过主导可食藻类的生长,间接影响浮游动物的动态。将水华蓝藻数量及藻毒素浓度作为环境因子进行多元分析,分别提高了对浮游植物、动物群落的解释15.6%和25.8%,说明水华蓝藻和藻毒素的存在对浮游生物群落的组成和结构具有较大的影响。     

Characterization of aerosols containing microcystin

Toxic blooms of cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in both freshwater and brackish water sources throughout the world. One class of cyanobacterial toxins, called microcystins, is cyclic peptides. In addition to ingestion and dermal, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. A significant increase in reporting of minor symptoms, particularly respiratory symptoms was associated with exposure to higher levels of cyanobacteria during recreational activities. Algae cells, bacteria, and waterborne toxins can be aerosolized by a bubble-bursting process with a wind-driven white-capped wave mechanism. The purposes of this study were to: evaluate sampling and analysis techniques for microcystin aerosol, produce aerosol droplets containing microcystin in the laboratory, and deploy the sampling instruments in field studies. A high-volume impactor and an IOM filter sampler were tried first in the laboratory to collect droplets containing microcystins. Samples were extracted and analyzed for microcystin using an ELISA method. The laboratory study showed that cyanotoxins in water could be transferred to air via a bubble-bursting process. The droplets containing microcystins showed a bimodal size distribution with the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.4 and 27.8 mum. The sampling and analysis methods were successfully used in a pilot field study to measure microcystin aerosol in situ.     

Microcystin production during algal bloom occurrence in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines

ABSTRACT:   The amount of microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa bloom was investigated during the rainy season of 1999 in Laguna de Bay, the Philippines. Bloom samples taken from the West Bay and East Cove stations of the lake were studied in relation to the characteristics of environmental conditions. Four types of microcystins, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), 6(Z)-Adda-microcystin-RR, and 3-desmethylmicrocystin-LR were identified from the natural bloom samples among which MC-LR was the most dominant type of microcystin. Production of microcystin (88.6 µg/100 mg dried cells) was highest during the first sampling week that coincided with high water transparency and high conductivity. The occurrence of a strong typhoon during the second sampling week had changed the environment drastically, which was characterized by low water transparency, high turbidity, low water temperature, and with trace amounts of MC-LR detected at the East Cove station. Thus, toxin production over time as well as the relationship between Microcystis production and toxin concentration could not be fully evaluated.     

水库微囊藻毒素3种异构体的年变化过程研究

应用高效液相色谱,对华北地区某水库5个采样点水体中微囊藻毒素（MC-LR、RR和YR）3种异构体进行了为期1a的监测,研究3种异构体随时间的变化规律及相互关系。结果表明,水体中3种异构体（-LR、YR和RR）含量分别为0.941±1.338、0.365±0.647和（2.893±5.387）μg·L-1;3种异构体出现时间不一样,LR异构体出现时间最早,在4月下旬即可检测到,而RR和YR异构体则需到5月中旬才能检测到;3种异构体峰值出现时间也不一致,LR和YR异构体峰值出现在8—9月,而RR异构体出现时间较晚,到10—11月才达到全年最高值;LR和RR异构体的含量比较高,是主要毒素,5—11月,其比值由2.20降到0.04,这与水体中的N/P比值有关,它随N/P比值的减少而减少。     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Rapid Screening for the Nephrotoxic and Hepatotoxic Effects of Microcystins

In vivo visualization of kidney and liver damage by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may offer an advantage when there is a need for a simple, non-invasive and rapid method for screening of the effects of potential nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic substances in chronic experiments. Here, we used MRI for monitoring chronic intoxication with microcystins (MCs) in rat. Male adult Wistar rats were treated every other day for eight months, either with MC-LR (10 μg/kg i.p.) or MC-YR (10 μg/kg i.p.). Control groups were treated with vehicle solutions. T₁-weighted MR-images were acquired before and at the end of the eight months experimental period. Kidney injury induced by the MCs presented with the increased intensity of T₁-weighted MR-signal of the kidneys and liver as compared to these organs from the control animals treated for eight months, either with the vehicle solution or with saline. The intensification of the T1-weighted MR-signal correlated with the increased volume density of heavily injured tubuli (R² = 0.77), with heavily damaged glomeruli (R² = 0.84) and with volume density of connective tissue (R² = 0.72). The changes in the MR signal intensity probably reflect the presence of an abundant proteinaceous material within the dilated nephrons and proliferation of the connective tissue. T₁-weighted MRI-is a valuable method for the in vivo screening of kidney and liver damage in rat models of intoxication with hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic agents, such as microcystins.     

Interpreting the Possible Ecological Role(s) of Cyanotoxins: Compounds for Competitive Advantage and/or Physiological Aide?

To date, most research on freshwater cyanotoxin(s) has focused on understanding the dynamics of toxin production and decomposition, as well as evaluating the environmental conditions that trigger toxin production, all with the objective of informing management strategies and options for risk reduction. Comparatively few research studies have considered how this information can be used to understand the broader ecological role of cyanotoxin(s), and the possible applications of this knowledge to the management of toxic blooms. This paper explores the ecological, toxicological, and genetic evidence for cyanotoxin production in natural environments. The possible evolutionary advantages of toxin production are grouped into two main themes: That of “competitive advantage” or “physiological aide”. The first grouping illustrates how compounds produced by cyanobacteria may have originated from the need for a cellular defence mechanism, in response to grazing pressure and/or resource competition. The second grouping considers the contribution that secondary metabolites make to improved cellular physiology, through benefits to homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiencies, and accelerated growth rates. The discussion also includes other factors in the debate about possible evolutionary roles for toxins, such as different modes of exposures and effects on non-target (i.e., non-competitive) species. The paper demonstrates that complex and multiple factors are at play in driving evolutionary processes in aquatic environments. This information may provide a fresh perspective on managing toxic blooms, including the need to use a “systems approach” to understand how physico-chemical conditions, as well biological stressors, interact to trigger toxin production.     

MC与MG对尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈游泳行为的影响

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)和大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoide)是中国主要的淡水经济鱼类,其养殖过程中常遇到微囊藻毒素(Microcystin,MC)与孔雀石绿(Malachite green,MG)的危害。MC和MG通过食物链在人体中富集,给人类的健康造成了严重的威胁。研究测定了人工饲养的尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在含有MC和MG的水体中的行为反应。结果表明,尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈在0.2和0.5μg/L MC-LR的水体中处理60min内,其游泳行为相对于对照组无显著性差异,然而,在0.5mg/L MG的水体中处理30min后,尼罗罗非鱼胸鳍摆动频显著上升,大口黑鲈胸鳍摆动频率也在25、30、45min等3个不连续的时间点出现显著的变化。说明尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈对天然毒素MC具有较强的抵抗能力,而对人工毒素MG较为敏感;胸鳍摆动频率可作为尼罗罗非鱼和大口黑鲈一个较为敏感的反映环境变化的行为指标。     

微生物菌群JSM004对微囊藻毒素的生物降解

以太湖水华蓝藻中提取纯化的微囊藻毒素（microcystins,MCs）作为微生物生长的碳源和氮源,从富营养化的太湖水体中分离筛选到MCs高效降解菌群JSM004,24h内可以将初始浓度分别为3．64和2．62mg·L^-1的MC—RR和MC—LR完全降解。在研究关于环境因子对JSM004降解效率的影响中,发现菌群JSM004的生长受温度和pH值影响较大,而且其对MCs的降解效率也随之变化。结果表明,在接近实际水体的中性和弱碱性环境中,JSM004对MCs的降解活性最强,加入不同含碳和含氮化合物能够促进混合微生物菌群的生长,但是对MCs的降解却有明显的延滞作用。与对照组相比,MCs被完全降解的时间至少推迟24h。在实验室条件下,JSM004可在72h内完全降解太湖水中高浓度的MCs。研究结果表明微囊藻毒素降解菌群JSM004具有良好的MCs降解效果,有实际应用前景。     

溶藻细菌F8与藻毒素降解菌T1的原生质体融合研究

为制备出兼具溶藻及降解藻毒素(MC-LR)的双效工程菌,研究不同的亲本原生质体灭活方式、不同PEG浓度、pH以及作用的温度对原生质体融合的影响,探讨溶藻细菌F8与藻毒素降解菌T1菌株的原生质体融合的适宜条件。结果表明,对F8菌株的原生质体采用45℃热灭活、T1菌株的原生质体紫外灭活,采用pH为8.0的30%的PEG溶液,融合温度为30℃,原生质体融合率可达28.17%。     

微囊藻毒素对大型溞摄食行为的影响

【目的】探讨微囊藻毒素(MC)对大型溞摄食行为的影响。【方法】采用急性毒性试验确定MC对大型溞的半数致死浓度(LC50),以此为依据,设计含0.00(正常组),24.49,36.74,55.11,82.67和124.00μg/L MC的培养液培养大型溞,并以小球藻饲喂,检测处理前后及恢复条件(在不含MC的培养液中培养)下,母代和子代大型溞滤水率和摄食率的变化。【结果】MC处理可显著降低大型溞母代和子代的滤水率及摄食率,且降低程度与MC质量浓度呈正相关,其中对子代摄食强度的抑制大于母代;恢复条件下大型溞子代的摄食强度有所回升,但与正常组相比仍明显偏低。MC对大型溞母代、子代第1胎、子代第3胎的滤水率和摄食率达到半数抑制时的质量浓度分别为54.75和75.61μg/L,44.42和52.78μg/L,39.47和47.01μg/L。【结论】MC可严重抑制大型溞的摄食行为。