不同肥力棕壤及其微团聚体中酶活性比较

对辽宁省主要地区不同肥力典型棕壤及其微团聚体中4种主要酶活性进行测定与统计分析,试验结果表明,高肥力棕壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别为1073±404NH3-Nμg·g-1±、2232.7±633.1酚μg·g-1±·24h、13.09±5.83葡萄糖mg·g-1±.24h和625.2酚μg·g-1±0.5h,显著高于低肥力棕壤相应的酶活性。在各粒级微团聚体中,<10μm徼团聚体的4种酶活性最高,50～250μm微团聚体中的酶活性最低,并且<10μm微团聚体中酶活性在高低不同肥力土壤之间差异最为显著。     

紫色土发育成的水稻土微团粒结构中有机－无机复合体的性质

This paper deals with characteristics of organo-mineral complexing of microaggregates in the paddy soils developed from purple soils in Sichuan, China. Results show that the contents of organic matter in microaggregates are in the order of 1-0.25 mm > smaller than 0.05 mm > 0.05-0.25 mm. But the organic matter in 1-0.01 mm microaggregates accounts for 68.1%-78.7% of that in soil. The organic matter in < 0.05 mm microaggregates is complexed humus on the whole, of which the degree of organo-mineral complexing varies between 96.1% and 99.5%, which is higher than that of the soil or > 0.05 mm microaggregates. The contents of loosely combined humus and the ratios of loosely and tightly combined humus markedly decline with the size of microaggregates. Flesh soil humus formed from semi-decomposed organic material or organic manure added is combined first with < 0.001 mm clay, and then aggregated with other organic and mineral particles to form larger microaggregates, in which the aging of humus happens at the same time; whereas organic matter of the light fraction is mainly involved in the formation of > 0.05 mm microaggregates.     

Short-Term Effect of Nitrogen Intensification on Aggregate Size Distribution, Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Semi-Arid Soil Under Different Crop Types

There is a lack of quantitative assessments available on the effect of agricultural intensification on soil aggregate distribution and microbial properties. Here, we investigated how short-term nitrogen(N) intensification induced changes in aggregate size distribution and microbial properties in a soil of a hot moist semi-arid region(Bangalore, India). We hypothesised that N intensification would increase the accumulation of macroaggregates 2 mm and soil microbial biomass and activity, and that the specific crop plant sowed would influence the level of this increase. In November 2016, surface(0–10 cm) and subsurface(10–20 cm) soil samples were taken from three N fertilisation treatments, low N(50 kg N ha~(-1)), medium N(75 and 100 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively),and high N(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1) for finger millet and maize, respectively). Distribution of water-stable aggregate concentrations,carbon(C) and N dynamics within aggregate size class, and soil microbial biomass and activity were evaluated. The high-N treatment significantly increased the concentration of large macroaggregates in the subsurface soil of the maize crop treatment, presumably due to an increased C input from root growth. Different N fertilisation levels did not significantly affect C and N concentrations in different aggregate size classes or the bulk soil. High-N applications significantly increased dehydrogenase activity in both the surface soil and the subsurface soil and urease activity in the surface soil, likely because of increased accumulation of enzymes stabilised by soil colloids in dry soils. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by the type of crop, but urease activity not. Overall, our results showed that high N application rates alter large macroaggregates and enzyme activities in surface and subsurface soils through an increased aboveground and corresponding belowground biomass input in the maize crop.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤团粒结构分形特征

土壤团粒、水稳性团粒和微团粒状况是影响土壤结构和性质的重要因素。运用分形理论研究黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域7种不同土地利用方式土壤团粒结构的分形特征。结果表明：表层土壤团粒的分形维数在1．641—2．114之间,其大小顺序为人工草地〉果园〉坡耕地〉乔木林地〉灌丛〉天然草地〉人工梯田。土壤水稳性团粒的分形维数在1．774～2．384之间,其变化顺序为果园〉乔木林地〉人工草地〉坡耕地〉天然草地〉人工梯田〉灌丛,二者均表现出≥0．25mm粒级土壤团粒含量越低,分形维数越高的规律;分形维数与≥5mm、5～2mm和≥0．25mm粒级的土壤团粒、水稳性团粒呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与〈0．25mm粒级的呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）;结合团粒结构体破坏率可知,灌丛土壤结构与稳定性最好,其次为天然草地,人工草地最差;表层土壤微团粒结构分形维数在2．360～2．487之间,大小顺序为天然草地〉乔木林地〉坡耕地〉人工梯田〉人工草地〉果园〉灌丛,灌丛有助于促进土壤微结构形成,分形维数与0．25-0．05mm和〉0．001mm粒级土壤微团粒含量呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与〈0．001mm粒级土壤微团粒含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）;下层土壤质地主要与成土母质有关,人为干扰小,3种分形维数间存在显著正相关水平（P〈0．05）,土壤有机质含量与3种分形维数显著负相关（P〈0．05）。土壤团粒结构分形特征可作为土壤评价指标之一,分形理论为土壤结构、性质和评价研究提供了新方法。     

油稻免耕种植模式的土壤理化特性和酶活性

2016年,在湖南省益阳市南县免耕试验基地开始设计不同种植模式处理;2018—2020年,采集冬闲–稻(IR)、冬闲–稻–稻(IRR)、油–稻(OR)、油–稻–稻(ORR)等4种油稻种植模式的土壤样品,测定土壤的容重、微团聚体、养分和酶活性,探究免耕条件下不同油稻种植模式对土壤理化特性和酶活性的影响。结果表明：2018、2019年,同一年内不同油稻种植模式土壤容重间的差异无统计学意义;2020年,IR和IRR的土壤容重显著高于OR和ORR的;2020年,OR和ORR的0.250～1.000mm粒级微团聚体质量分数较2018年的分别降低了52.04%和49.41%,不同种植模式对大粒级(>0.010mm)微团聚体质量分数的影响较大,对小粒级(<0.010mm)的影响较小;2018、2019年,同一年内4种种植模式土壤有机质质量分数间的差异无统计学意义,2020年,ORR的土壤有机质质量分数显著高于其他模式的;同一年内,OR、ORR的土壤速效钾质量分数显著低于IR、IRR的,ORR的土壤纤维素酶、磷酸酶活性均较IRR的高。可见,免耕条件下,油–稻和油–稻–稻种植模式可减缓土壤的...     

黄土丘陵区不同植被类型根际土壤微团聚体及颗粒分形特征

 【目的】研究黄土丘陵区坡耕地退耕后不同植被根际土壤微团聚体及颗粒的分形特征,为该地区植被恢复中土壤质量评价和生态恢复的持续健康发展提供科学依据。【方法】通过室内分析,运用分形理论,研究黄土丘陵区墩山小流域天然草地、人工草地和人工灌木等6种植被根际土壤微团聚体以及颗粒组成的分形特征。【结果】黄土丘陵区坡耕地退耕后,不同植被对土壤微团聚体以及颗粒组成影响不同。无论是根际还是非根际,天然草地0.25—0.05 mm、0.05—0.01 mm微团聚体含量以及土壤团聚状况、团聚度均高于人工灌木和人工草地,而0.25—0.05 mm、0.05—0.01 mm土壤颗粒含量以及分散系数、分散率低于人工灌木和人工草地,根际微团聚体分形维数和颗粒分形维数高于人工灌木和人工草地。除柳枝稷外,根际土壤团聚状况和团聚度高于非根际,分散系数和分散率低于非根际;不同植被根际微团聚体分形维数和颗粒分形维数均低于非根际土。相关性分析表明,与非根际相比,根际土壤微团聚体及颗粒分形维数与土壤基本理化性质相关性更显著。【结论】黄土丘陵区坡耕地退耕后,天然草地对于土壤微团聚体的改善作用优于人工灌木和人工草地。与非根际相比,根际土壤具有更好团聚结构,而且根际土壤分形特征能更好反映土壤性质的变化规律,因此可作为该地区植被恢复过程中土壤质量评价的指标。     

Wet sieving versus dry crushing: Soil microaggregates reveal different physical structure,bacterial diversity and organic matter composition in a clay gradient

Soil microaggregates contain particles of different sizes, which may affect their potential to store organic carbon (OC). A variety of methods can be used to isolate microaggregates from the larger soil structures, among which wet sieving approaches are widely employed. We developed a novel dry crushing method that isolates microaggregates along failure planes due to mechanical stresses rather than hydraulic pressures and compared the mechanical stability, OC contents and microbial community composition between dry-crushed and wet-sieved samples with contrasting clay contents. Dry-crushed samples exhibited a higher stability and bacterial diversity compared to wet-sieved samples. As a result, the dry-crushed microaggregates had different size distributions when analysed dry and after wetting. In the dry state, dry-crushed microaggregates were larger and contained more sand-sized primary particles within the aggregate structures. The wetting of dry-crushed aggregates caused a disintegration of larger microaggregates and sand-sized primary particles into smaller microaggregates that contained finer particles. In the soils with lower clay contents, the diameter of dry-crushed microaggregates was 40 μm larger due to more sand-sized primary particles remaining within the aggregates. Depending on how much volume in microaggregates is occupied by large primary particles, the OC concentration increased in the soil with higher clay content. Wet-sieved size fractions also showed a similar pattern of OC distribution, whereas more primary particles were observed outside of aggregates. Wet sieving approaches disperse the soil into OC-rich aggregates and might be preferable if OC dynamics are investigated. Differences in bacterial community composition in dependence on clay content were more pronounced in dry-crushed microaggregates. If intact aggregate architectures are of interest for the isolation of soil structural units, the presented dry crushing method might provide an advantageous alternative that also better preserves bacterial diversity.     

甘肃景电灌区土壤团聚体特征研究

本文对甘肃景电灌区土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤团聚性很差,团聚体以非水稳性为主,稳定性很低。粘粒对于团聚体的形成和稳定性影响最大,显示土壤中粘粒物质是目前这一地区土壤结构形成的最为重要的胶结物质。碳酸钙对于团聚体形成的胶结作用次之,有机质由于含量低,其胶结作用最小,但是有机质对于团聚体稳定性的影响大于碳酸钙的影响,易溶性盐使团聚体的数量和稳定性降低,土壤微团聚体研究表明,土壤     

黄土区不同施肥对土壤颗粒及微团聚体组成的影响

采用野外采样与室内分析方法,运用颗粒体积分形理论,研究了15年长期不同施肥处理对黄土区农田土壤颗粒组成、 微团聚体分布及有机碳的影响。结果表明,施肥处理对020 cm土层影响较大,不同施肥处理土壤颗粒及微团聚体的优势粒级均为0.02~0.05 mm。有机肥（M）、 磷肥（P）、 有机肥和氮肥配施（MN）、 有机肥、 氮肥和磷肥配施（MNP）处理可显著提高020 cm土层0.1~0.2 mm土壤颗粒的百分含量,有机肥和磷肥配施（MP）以及MNP处理有利于该土层大粒径土壤微团聚体的形成。氮肥和磷肥配施（NP）处理的土壤分散率最大,M处理最小。不同施肥处理土壤颗粒体积分形维数差异不显著。相关性分析表明, 020 cm及2040 cm土层土壤颗粒体积分形维数与粘粒（0.002 mm）和细粉粒 （0.002~0.02 mm） 呈极显著正相关,与粗粉粒 （0.02~0.05 mm） 和细砂粒 （0.05~0.2 mm）极显著负相关; 土壤团聚度与0.05 mm各粒径土壤团聚体显著或极显著负相关,与 0.05 mm各粒径土壤团聚体显著或极显著正相关。020 cm土层土壤有机碳与0.01~0.05 mm各粒径土壤团聚体显著或极显著负相关,与0.1~0.5 mm各粒径土壤团聚体极显著正相关。     

秸秆深还田两年对东北半干旱区土壤有机质、pH值及微团聚体的影响

采用田间小区定位试验,探讨秸秆深还田2 a对东北半干旱区旱田土壤有机质、pH值、微团聚体的影响。结果表明:秸秆深还田后降低了土壤的pH值,且随土层深度的增加pH值逐渐增大;土壤有机质含量和微团聚体的团聚度在秸秆深还田各处理中分别高于CK和DT处理3.4%～32.7%和16.4%～53.7%,土壤分散系数较CK和DT处理显著降低,均以秸秆深还田用量12 000 kg/hm²效果最好。秸秆深还田2 a后能够显著提高东北半干旱区土壤有机质含量,降低土壤pH值,改善颗粒组成状况,降低土壤分散系数,提高微团聚体的团聚度。