水稻不同品种或组合对甲磺隆耐药性差异的机制研究

以水稻乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)比活力为研究对象,通过在离体和活体条件下比较其对甲磺隆的敏感性水平,探讨了水稻不同品种或组合的耐药性差异机制。结果表明,离体条件下不同水稻品种或组合ALS对甲磺隆均较敏感,当甲磺隆浓度为100 μg/L时,对ALS比活力抑制率达60%以上,且活力百分比与甲磺隆浓度对数成直线负相关关系,相关程度显著或极显著;活体条件下ALS活力均受到甲磺隆不同程度的抑制,但同一品种ALS活力不随甲磺隆浓度的变化而呈现规律性变化。在甲磺隆浓度相同时,活体条件下所有供试水稻品种ALS活力均显著高于离体条件下的ALS活力,影响程度与植株耐药性差异基本一致,说明甲磺隆在水稻体内存在较强代谢失活作用,代谢失活差异是水稻不同品种或组合对甲磺隆的耐药性差异机制。     

苯磺隆·甲磺隆·氯磺隆混合物的液相色谱分析

本文以甲醇 水 冰乙酸为流动相，采用C18不锈钢柱，检测波长240nm，对苯磺隆、甲磺隆、氯磺隆混合物进行反相高效液相色谱定量分析。该方法的标准差别分别为0.081、0.013和0.013，变异系数为0.886%、0.268%和0.256%，回收率为99.39%、99.29%和99.28%，线性相关系数为苯磺隆r=0.9994、甲磺隆r=0.9992、氯磺隆r=0.9991，线性方程为苯磺隆y=1360088.17x 1389384、甲磺隆y=972186.69X-21262.8、氯磺隆y=789773.50X 86258.8。     

Applicability of ELISA for determination of metsulfuron‐methyl in soil samples

An immunoassay (ELISA) for analysis of metsulfuron‐methyl was evaluated as a method for quantifying residues in soil. Soil samples were extracted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS + acetone (80 + 20 by volume) or ammonium carbonate and were analyzed with both ELISA and LC‐MS. A tendency for the ELISA to overstimate the metsulfuron‐methyl content was noted and matrix effects were pronounced, particularly in PBS + acetone or ammonium carbonate extracts. Dilution of extracts before analysis improved the situation but reduced the sensitivity of the assay. Using light standard concentrations it was shown that the extracts in PBS on dilutions exhibited a curve parallel with the standard curve, indicating no significant interference due to matrix effects. A working range of 10–250 ng litre⁻¹ was found for ELISA on this type of extracts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance of Camelina microcarpa to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides

An accession of Camelina microcarpa suspected to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides was identified in Oregon in 1998 field experiments. Greenhouse research confirmed that the putative resistant biotype was resistant to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron on a whole plant level. Compared with the resistant (R) biotype, the susceptible (S) biotype was 1000 and 10 000‐fold more sensitive to metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron respectively. The R biotype was also resistant to other sulfonylurea, sulfonylaminocarbonyl‐triazolinone, imidazolinone and triazolopyrimidine herbicides. An in vivo enzyme assay indicated that acetolactate synthase (ALS) from the R plants required 111 times more chlorsulfuron to inhibit activity by 50% compared with the amount required to have a similar effect on ALS from S plants. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences demonstrated that a single‐point mutation from G to T in the als1 gene conferred the change from the amino acid tryptophan to leucine at position 572 in the resistant biotype. This research confirmed that ALS inhibitor resistance in an Oregon accession of C. microcarpa is based on an altered target site conferred by a single‐point mutation.     

土壤中14C-甲磺隆存在形态的动态研究

利用同位素示踪技术 ,在实验室条件下研究了1 4 C -甲磺隆在 1 5种不同土壤中存在形态的动态变化。结果表明 ,土壤pH值与甲磺隆1 4 C残留物的降解半衰期、残留量及可提取态残留量呈显著的正相关 ,而与结合态残留量呈显著负相关 ;土壤微生物的活性越强 ,甲磺隆降解速率越快 ,但结合态残留量也越高 ;土壤中各腐殖质组分和粘粒的含量也影响甲磺隆在土壤中的降解速率和存在形态。土壤中甲磺隆的残留符合一级反应动力学指数方程C =C0 e-kt,拟合方程的复相关系数达到极显著水平。甲磺隆残留与土壤性质之间经逐步回归分析可得到拟合效果较好的方程 ,由各自变量的决定系数可知 ,土壤pH值、微生物生物量碳和有机碳中富啡酸碳所占的比例是影响甲磺隆在土壤中残留的主要因素     

苄嘧磺隆与甲黄隆混用对稻苗安全性的联合作用

为探明苄嘧磺隆和甲黄隆复配对稻苗安全性的联合作用 ,测定了苄嘧磺隆与甲黄隆混用后一叶一心期稻苗株高的 ID5 0 值 ,ID1 0 值及其共毒系数 (CTC) .结果表明 ,试验处理中 ,仅有苄嘧磺隆 4.8× 10 - 3 g/m2 +甲黄隆19.2× 10 - 3 g/m2 等 5组混合处理的共毒系数低于 10 0 ,安全性明显提高 ;苄嘧磺隆 4.8× 10 - 3 g/m2 +甲黄隆 2 .4×10 - 3 g/m2等 2组混合处理的共毒系数接近 10 0 ,对稻苗的联合作用为相加 ;其他组合的混合处理共毒系数均大于10 0 ,对稻苗安全性下降 ,不宜应用于生产     

反相高效液相色谱法测定土壤中甲黄隆残留

建立了反相高效液相色谱测定土壤中甲黄隆残留量的方法。试验以甲醇∶水∶冰乙酸（60∶40∶1,体积比）为流动相进行洗脱,采用C18柱分离,利用紫外检测器在227 nm波长下检测。该方法在0.50-10.0 mg.L-1范围内呈良好线性,相关系数为0.9997,检测限为0.005 mg.kg-1,方法的回收率为86%-98%,精密度为2.32%-4.04%,用于土壤中甲黄隆残留检测效果良好。     

Modelling herbicide dose and weed density effects on crop:weed competition

The effects of a range of herbicide doses on crop:weed competition were investigated by measuring crop yield and weed seed production. Weed competitivity of wheat was greater in cv. Spark than in cv. Avalon, and decreased with increasing herbicide dose, being well described by the standard dose–response curve. A combined model was then developed by incorporating the standard dose–response curve into the rectangular hyperbola competition model to describe the effects of plant density of a model weed, Brassica napus L., and a herbicide, metsulfuron‐methyl, on crop yield and weed seed production. The model developed in this study was used to describe crop yield and weed seed production, and to estimate the herbicide dose required to restrict crop yield loss caused by weeds and weed seed production to an acceptable level. At the acceptable yield loss of 5% and the weed density of 200 B. napus plants m^–2, the model recommends 0.9 g a.i. metsulfuron‐methyl ha^–1 in Avalon and 2.0 g a.i. in Spark.