Pharmacokinetics of metoclopramide in calves with renal dysfunction

To clarify the effect of renal dysfunction on pharmacokinetics of the prokinetic agent metoclopramide (MCP), we administered intravenously 0.4 mg/kg MCP to healthy calves and calves subjected to right kidney vessel ligation (ligation) without or with a subsequent left nephrectomy (ligation plus removal). Plasma MCP concentration, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and plasma prolactin level were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, simplified equation using iodixanol and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Only in calves with ligation plus removal, plasma MCP concentrations were increased significantly 6, 8 and 12 hr after injection, showing that a negative correlation was observed between the plasma MCP concentrations and GFR value. A tendency to increase in plasma PRL concentration was noted also in these calves. In conclusions, plasma MCP concentrations depend on the GFR mode in calves, and its critical GFR value was estimated.     

“369”牛羊高效增乳剂对奶山羊泌乳性能的影响

将泌乳期奶山羊３０只均分为试验组和对照组，试验组添加“３６９”牛羊高效增乳剂。结果表明，该增乳剂具有显著增乳效果，试验组日均产奶量高于对照组２１．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。两组间乳脂、乳糖和乳蛋白含量均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）．试验组ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ明显升高，增长率分别达４０．７％和４７．１％，与对照组相比差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），且与产奶量正相关（ｒ＿（ｃＡ）＝０．９２１，ｒ＿（ｃＧ）＝０．９０３）．甲氧氯普胺在乳中残留量很低，平均１．６１μｇ·ｍＬ￣（－１）试验组隐性乳房炎阳性率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

Effect of metoclopramide on nausea and emesis in dogs premedicated with morphine and dexmedetomidine

Objective

To evaluate whether subcutaneous (SC) metoclopramide (0.2 mg kg^?1) administered 30 minutes prior to (T30) or simultaneously with (T0) intramuscular (IM) morphine (0.2 mg kg^?1) and dexmedetomidine (0.003 mg kg^?1) reduces the incidence of nausea and emesis in healthy dogs.

甲氧氯普胺对奶山羊泌乳性能的影响

选用泌乳期奶山羊14只,根据年龄、胎次、产奶量等合理搭配,均分为试验组和对照组。试验组经精料添加甲氧氯普胺。连续饲喂20 d。结果表明:1)甲氧氯普胺有明显增乳作用,用药期间试验组产奶量增长12.5％,对照组只增长了0.93％,差异极显著(P<0.01);2)对乳品质影响不大,两组羊乳糖、乳脂、乳蛋白均无显著差异(P>0.05);3)试验组乳中cAMP、cGMP水平明显上升,其增长率与产奶量增长率呈强相关(P<0.01)。     

Spawning induction in Kutum Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii, 1901) using carp pituitary extract or GnRH analogue combined with metoclopramide

Kutum Rutilus frisii kutum (Kamenskii, 1901), Cyprinidae is an endemic fish of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Fisheries Organization (Shilat) produce up to 200 million fry (1–2 g body weight (b.w.)) to restock the Caspian Sea population annually. Some of these fry are produced by spawning induction in broodfish by carp pituitary extract (CPE). The objective of this study was to assay the effectiveness of the gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (d ‐Ala⁶, Pro⁹‐Net GnRH) alone or in combination with metoclopramide (MET), a dopamine antagonist, on the percentage of ovulated females, latency period, ovulation index and fertilization success. The following hormone treatments were tested: single injection of 2 mg kg^?1 b.w. of CPE as a positive control, GnRHa alone 20 and 40 μg kg^?1 b.w. and combination of GnRHa and MET as follows: 5 μg+2.5 mg, 10 μg+ 5 mg and 20 μg+10 mg kg^?1 b.w. Negative control group was injected with 0.7% saline. The percentage of ovulated females, ovulation index and fertilization success were 90%, 71.3±1.24%, 68.4±2.3%, respectively, in the group treated with GnRHa+MET at a dose of 20 μg+10 mg kg^?1 b.w. and were significantly higher than those in the positive control (60%, 64.5±0.23%, 69.1±4.5%) (P<0.05). However, the latency period in this group was longer than that in the positive control (P<0.05). Only 20% and 40% fish ovulated in groups that received 20 or 40 μg kg^?1 b.w. GnRHa. No fish ovulated in the negative control.     

Effect of different synthetic gonadotrop-releasing hormone analogues and their combinations with an anti-dopaminergic compound on the reproduction performance of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.)

In this study, three synthetic gonadotrop-releasing hormones (GnRH) (azagly-nafarelin; des-Gly¹⁰-( d -Ala⁶)-LH-RH; and des-Gly¹⁰-( d -Phe⁶)-LH-RH) either alone or in combination with metoclopramide were used to induce reproduction of sterlet. The GnRH analogues were applied in a single dose of 40 μg kg⁻¹ of female and 20 μg kg⁻¹ of male body weight. Metoclopramid was administered in a simultaneous injection of 10 and 5 mg kg⁻¹ of body weight for females and males respectively. There were no significant differences in the ovulatory responses of females; ovulation rates varied between 57% and 80%, and at the temperature of 15.5–16.0 °C about 30–34 h were required for final maturation, when eggs of 17.3±1.3% of body weight were stripped. However, the fertilization rates of the des-Gly¹⁰-( d -Phe⁶)-LH-RH-treated groups were significantly lower than that in the other treatment. In males, the combination of the above peptidergic hormones with metoclopramide gave significantly better results than their single application. The results demonstrate that the final stage of gamete maturation in sterlet may be achieved by several hormonal means. The possibility of using new GnRH analogues without dopamine antagonists yields new perspectives for induced breeding of sturgeons, which have particular importance in the light of meat and roe (caviar) production for human consumption.     

Identification of metoclopramide metabolites in the urine of cattle by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection

The urinary metabolites of metoclopramide (4-amino-5-chloro-N-[2-diethylaminoethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide) were identified in cows. The drug was administered intravenously, voided urine was collected, and individual urine extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection. The parent compound and one major metabolite (4-amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(ethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide) were common to all individuals. In addition to the parent and major metabolite, a second, minor metabolite was identified in two cows as 4-amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-hydroxybenzamide. The identity of the minor metabolite was confirmed by comparison with a standard synthesized by a new method. Metabolite identification and characterization in food animal species allows the design of safety and environmental impact studies and relative metabolite ratios between dose treatment groups.Abbreviations ¹H-NMR proton nuclear magnetic resonance - R _T retention time - D₁ dopamine-1 - D₂ dopamine-2 - 5-HT₃ 5-hydroxytryptamine - GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - UV-vis ultraviolet-visible - ID internal diameter - m/z mass/charge ratio     

Comparative efficacy of metoclopramide,ondansetron and maropitant in preventing parvoviral enteritis‐induced emesis in dogs

The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiencies of selected anti‐emetic drugs (metoclopramide, ondansetron and maropitant) in preventing vomiting in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis. We designed a randomized, prospective clinical study. PVE quick ELISA test‐positive dogs between 4 and 12 months of age were included in the study. Each of metoclopramide, ondansetron, maropitant and control group had 8 dogs. Metoclopramide and ondansetron were administered as 0.5 mg/kg doses three times a day via intravenous route, and maropitant was administered as 1 mg/kg doses once a day subcutaneously. The number and severity of daily vomitings were recorded. All dogs were treated and monitored for five days; treatments were continued until all animals healed. Metoclopramide, ondansetron and maropitant decreased the severity of vomiting from the first day and the vomiting numbers from the third day in PVE treatment. Obtained results showed that maropitant can be used successfully such as metoclopramide and ondansetron, which are frequently used for PVE treatment. At the same time, it was discovered that metoclopramide, ondansetron and maropitant were equally effective in reducing the frequency and severity of vomiting.