不同质地黑土净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律研究

为探讨黑龙江省半干旱地区不同质地黑土的净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律,以壤砂土和粉壤土为研究对象开展室内培养试验,对土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率、N2O和CO2排放速率与累积排放量进行研究。结果表明:7d培养期间壤砂土的平均净矿化速率和CO2平均排放速率分别为0.49mgN kg-1 d-1和0.30mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的平均净矿化速率(1.37 mgN kg-1 d-1)和CO2平均排放速率(0.47mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1)。壤砂土的平均净硝化速率和N2O平均排放速率分别为1.65mgN kg-1 d-1和212.6ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的5.02mgN kg-1 d-1和521.3ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1。壤砂土和粉壤土的N2O排放比率分别为0.081%~0.301%和0.210%~0.254%。研究表明,土壤质地显著影响土壤净氮转化速率和温室气体排放,壤砂土较低的pH、有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量是导致其净硝化速率、净矿化速率以及N2O、CO2排放速率显著低于粉壤土的主要原因。     

保水剂对土壤持水特性的影响

利用张力计和恒温脱水动力学方法,研究了不同剂量保水剂（聚丙烯酰胺和水解淀粉）施入轻壤质潮土后土壤持水性质的变化,结果表明,在土壤低吸力段（０－８０ｋＰａ）,随保水剂用量的增加,土壤持水容量增大,从而增加了作物可利用的有效水;在相同含水量时,土壤水能保水剂量用量增大而降低;但在相同水分能态下,土壤含水量随保水剂的增加而明显增大、施用保水剂后,土壤可在较长时间内保持较高的水分含量;且随保水剂用量增加,     

绿竹滩涂栽培试验

通过对绿竹在沿海滩涂上的耐盐力、抗力表现、生产力水平、笋体品质，经济价值等方面的综合试验分析，揭示出绿竹可承耐土壤含量盐量０．４１％以下，是沿海滩涂有发展遂叙的经济防护林树种。     

气象因子和土壤质地影响下刺槐蒸腾对土壤水分有效性的响应

On the Loess Plateau of China, a dry soil layer may form due to excess transpiration, leading to degradation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) stands. In order to better manage projects involving black locust, this study was intended to investigate the response of black locust transpiration rate to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors using two representative soils(loamy clay and sandy loam) on the Loess Plateau. Four soil water contents were maintained for black locust seedlings grown in pots initially outdoors and then in a climate-controlled chamber, by either drying or irrigating the pots. In both environments, daily transpiration rates were related by a power function to air temperature and by a logistic function to reference evapotranspiration(ET0). Transpiration rates were more susceptible to changes in the meteorological conditions in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. The transpiration rate in the well-watered treatment was greater for black locust grown in the sandy loam than in the loamy clay soil. Normalized transpiration rates were unaffected by ET0 until a critical value of soil water content(θc) was attained; the θc value decreased significantly for the loamy clay soil but increased significantly for the sandy loam soil when ET0 increased. These suggested that the effect of the meteorological condition on the transpiration characteristics of black locust was dependent on soil texture.     

与永久性草地相比长期裸露侵蚀对英国Bridgnorth砂壤的影响

 对位于英国东Shropshire的Hilton试验点中,已裸露12年的坡地侵蚀小区内的Bridg-north砂壤进行调查分析,并与小区相邻的自然草地作比较,结果显示,裸露砂壤土的有机质和大多数营养元素的含量显着低于草地;草地的有机质含量较裸地高2.15倍;草地含有较高比例的粗砂(0.355～2.0mm),尤以0.500～1.0mm部分较为突出,以及较少的粘粒(<0.002mm)和石砾(>2mm);说明,粗砂易于流失,Bridgnorth砂壤被长期侵蚀后,粗砂趋于减少,粘粒、石砾所占比例则逐渐增加.结果同时还指出,裸土的pH值不断降低,草地的粘粒和粉粒含量与坡度呈显着正相关,粗砂与坡度则负相关,这与福林等人研究的裸土的情形相似.以上结果表明,如果坡地被长期暴露,并且不投入任何营养物质,土壤肥力将迅速下降,质地发生变化,而种草可以保持和改善土地生产力,阻止土壤质地的变化.     

Performance of biochar derived from Cymbopogon winterianus waste at two temperatures on soil properties and growth of Bacopa monneri

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar derived from the distilled waste of Cymbopogon winterianus at two different pyrolysis temperatures (450°C and 850°C) on the chemical and biological properties of sandy loamy soil (SLS) and its subsequent impact on plant growth. Pot experiments utilizing Bacopa monnieri were performed in a greenhouse with four different application rates of biochar (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w)) for 120 days. Biochar induced alterations in soil properties (nutrients, enzymes, and microbes) and plant responses (yield, biocide and antioxidant content) to biochar addition were measured. Biochar application, notably improved the soil carbon, cation exchange capacity, and the availability of NH₄ ⁺ and phosphorus. Initially, biochar produced at the lower temperature had more effect on the available nitrogen, phosphorus, soil enzymatic properties, and plant biomass growth. After 120 days, the pyrolysis temperature had only a marginal influence on biochar-induced effects on soil pH, WHC, and soil enzymatic activities. Our results suggest that C. winterianus derived biochar amendment leads to an overall amelioration of soil fertility and plant growth improvement. In specific biochar produced at lower temperatures (450°C) was more effective for improvement of plant biomass and soil characteristics.     

Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture

Soil water deficit is increasingly threatening the sustainable vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau of China due to the climate warming and human activities. To determine the response thresholds of Amygdalus pedunculata (AP) and Salix psammophila (SP) to soil water availability under different textural soils, we measured the changes in net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), leaf water potential (ψ_w), water use efficiency (WUE) and daily transpiration rate (T_d) of the two plant species during soil water content (SWC) decreased from 100% field capacity (FC) to 20% FC in the sandy and loamy soils on the Loess Plateau in the growing season from June to August in 2018. Results showed that P_n, G_s, WUE and T_d of AP and SP remained relatively constant at the beginning of soil water deficit but decreased rapidly as plant available soil water content (PASWC) fell below the threshold values in both the sandy and loamy soils. The PASWC thresholds corresponding to P_n, G_s and C_i of AP in the loamy soil (0.61, 0.62 and 0.70, respectively) were lower than those in the sandy soil (0.70, 0.63 and 0.75, respectively), whereas the PASWC thresholds corresponding to P_n, G_s and C_i of SP in the loamy soil (0.63, 0.68 and 0.78, respectively) were higher than those in the sandy soil (0.58, 0.62 and 0.66, respectively). In addition, the PASWC thresholds in relation to T_d and WUE of AP (0.60 and 0.58, respectively) and SP (0.62 and 0.60, respectively) in the loamy soil were higher than the corresponding PASWC thresholds of AP (0.58 and 0.52, respectively) and SP (0.55 and 0.56, respectively) in the sandy soil. Furthermore, the PASWC thresholds for the instantaneous gas exchange parameters (e.g., P_n and G_s) at the transient scale were higher than the thresholds for the parameters (e.g., T_d) at the daily scale. Our study demonstrates that different plant species and/or different physiological parameters exhibit different thresholds of PASWC and that the thresholds are affected by soil texture. The result can provide guidance for the rational allocation and sustainable management of reforestation species under different soil conditions in the loess regions.     

砂壤质潮土定位试验30年的肥效演变

利用建立于1980年的砂壤质潮土肥料长期定位试验,对30年的肥效演变进行了研究与分析.结果表明,长期不同施肥处理,小麦、玉米历年产量顺序基本趋势为NPK＞ NP＞N＞CK;有机肥与化肥配合,作物产量大幅度提高,均高于相对应的化肥,且稳产性好.单施化肥前3年,氮肥养分效率明显,磷、钾肥效果不明显,3年后氮效下降,而磷、钾效上升;磷肥连续施用有明显的残效迭加效应,比一次足量施用具有更好的增产效果,且小麦的磷肥肥效高于玉米;砂壤质潮土增施钾肥有明显和稳定的增产效果,配施有机肥后肥效明显下降.有机肥与化肥配合,有机肥肥效随N、P、K配合比例的增加而降低,有机肥长期施用有明显的后效.养分供应不协调会引起作物缺素而严重影响生长发育,以致减产.     

不同施肥处理对塿土和黄绵土有机质氧化稳定性的影响

对黄土区分布较广的上和黄绵土、长期施用化肥和有机肥条件下、有机质氧化稳定性和活性进行了较系统的研究。结果表明，长期施用有机肥或配施化肥，均能促进耕层土壤易氧化有机质和活性有机质积累，提高Ｋｏｓ值；长期施用化肥，只能促进土壤有机质的老化，提高难氧化有机质含量和Ｋｏｓ值，对易氧化有机质和活性有机质无积极作用。通径分析和逐步回归分析表明，与易氧化有机质和活性有机质关系最为密切的农化性状先是速效磷，其次是碱解氮。     

保水剂对土壤持水性影响及在不同土壤中效果比较

为分析保水剂对土壤持水性的影响以及对不同土壤持水效果进行比较,按保水剂质量占土壤质量百分比设计0.10%、0.30%、0.50%、1.00%、以及对照(土壤不加保水剂)5个处理进行室内试验。结果表明:保水剂可提高土壤的持水性,土壤保水率随保水剂用量增加而增大,3种土壤施用比例为0.10%~1.00%的保水剂,经过7h恒温蒸发后土壤平均保水率较对照提高103%~187%。但是,当保水剂达到一定用量后,保水率增幅效果不显著。综合3种土壤平均保水率,保水剂比例为0.10%时,恒温蒸发7h后与对照差异显著,当比例增大至0.30%时,虽然与对照相比存在显著差异,但与比例为0.10%时相比无显著差异,当比例逐渐增大至0.50%和1.00%时,与比例为0.30%时相比,相互间也无显著差异。保水剂对提高不同土壤持水性方面的功效存在差异,且差异的大小与水分蒸发时间及保水剂用量有关。土壤水分蒸发初期(1~2h),不同保水剂用量,3种土壤的保水率无明显差异;土壤水分蒸发后期(2h后),保水剂对提高不同土壤持水效果的差异逐渐显现,总体上在黏粒含量较低的壤沙土中的应用效果要好于黏粒含量较高的沙黏壤土和壤土。3种土壤施用比例为0.10%~1.00%,经过7h恒温蒸发后保水率较对照提高分别为:壤沙土293.08%~591.29%,沙黏壤土181.85%~249.78%,壤土29.53%~73.03%。针对本试验所测试的壤沙土、沙黏壤土和壤土3种土壤,保水剂更适宜在黏粒含量较低的壤沙土中使用,用量以保水剂占土壤质量百分比为0.10%为宜。