Efficacy of essential oils combination on performance,ileal bacterial counts,intestinal histology and immunocompetence of laying hens fed alternative lipid sources

This study was carried out to assess the effects of a blend of herbal essential oils (namely Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus offisinalis and Anethum graveolens) and different dietary lipid sources on the performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, intestinal histological alterations and immune responses in laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 150 laying hens were randomly allocated to six experimental treatments with five replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of three levels of a mixture of essential oils (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and two sources of lipid (soybean oil and fish oil containing different ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids) fed to the animals during an 80‐days feeding trial. Findings indicated that dietary administration of fish oil not only increased significantly the spleen relative weight (p < 0.01) and the antibody titre against Newcastle virus (p < 0.05) but also led to reductions in liver relative weight (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mixture of herbal essential oils brought about declines in hepatic relative weight, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05) and intestinal pathogen populations (p < 0.01). Mention must also be made of the improvements it made in spleen weight (p < 0.01), antibody titres against SRBC (p < 0.01) and Newcastle virus (p < 0.05), villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01), goblet cell numbers (p < 0.05), lamina propria lymphatic follicle diameters (p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.06). It may be claimed that the enhancements observed in the performance of laying hens fed fish oil and 200 mg/kg of the blend of essential oils could have potentially been associated with improved intestinal health indices as well as cellular and humoral immune responses.     

中国白酒低度化概述

介绍白酒低度化的原因,分析低度化中品质稳定、去浊澄清和保持原风味等问题,并提出对策,以为低度化白酒的发展提供参考。     

Evaluation of European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larval movement and survival in structured and seed blend refuge plantings

Blending Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn and non-Bt corn seeds in the same bag is a convenient and easier compliance solution to satisfy refuge regulations. However, there has been considerable debate and concern about larval movement of the target insects in a seed blend because of its potential effect on the development of resistance. Reported here are studies to determine the larval movement of European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in a seed blend compared to a structured refuge and their effects on survival, feeding injury and larval fitness. Also evaluated is the relative performance of a purple-seeded corn hybrid as a surrogate host plant for tracking gene flow. Seed blend and structured refuge arrangements of Agrisure GT/CB/LL Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab and isoline plants were evaluated at two locations in 2013 and 2014 by manually infesting refuge plants with first and second generation corn borer larvae. The majority of leaf and stalk injury was recorded on the refuge plant, which amounted to 66–83% of the total tunnel length. In both refuge arrangements, plant injury and the number of larvae recovered significantly decreased on neighboring plants with increasing distance away from the refuge plant in the same row. The relative decline in injury was much more pronounced in the seed blend, with neighbor Bt plants experiencing very minor tunneling or no injury at all due to the high dose trait. Eighty-nine percent fewer live larvae were also found on neighbor Bt plants in the seed blend compared to those found in the structured refuge plots. Larvae that moved to Bt plants as well as older instars that were manually placed on Bt plants failed to complete development. Comparison of the number of tunnels and larvae recovered per refuge plant indicated that the seed blend may not produce as many susceptible individuals as those produced in a structured refuge arrangement. Although the purple-seeded hybrid showed lower levels of ear and stalk injury, it could serve as an appropriate surrogate refuge plant to track gene flow.     

玉米浆及配合其他有机物料对苏打碱土改良效果及腐殖质特性变化

为研究玉米浆(CSL)及其与不同有机物料混合对苏打盐碱土的改良效果及腐殖质特性变化,本文以松原市苏打盐碱土为研究对象,设置对照组(CK)、1/2倍用量玉米浆(1/2CSL)、1倍量玉米浆(CSL)、2倍量玉米浆(2CSL)、1/2倍用量玉米浆与秸秆混合(1/2CSL+C)、1/2倍用量玉米浆与生物质炭混合(1/2CSL+B)和1/2倍用量玉米浆与泥炭混合(1/2CSL+P)7个处理,研究了其对苏打盐碱土的改良效果及腐殖质组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的变化。每个处理3次重复。结果表明:与CK相比,除2CSL,各玉米产量均增加,增长比率为66.67%～193.65%,各处理pH、全盐量的降低比率分别为9.80%～11.09%、12.2%～44.3%,碱化度降低12.67～26.53个百分点。1/2CSL处理的有机碳含量增加了46.19%,HA和胡敏素(HM)分别增加了48.59%和47.32%,I2920/I1720增加了156.3%,H/C增加了25.96%,(O+S)/C降低了30.68%,放热量高温值/中温值降低了48.6%,质量损失量高温值/中温值降低了14.2%。说明有机物料的施入使土壤HA结构的脂族性增强,氧化度、缩合度和热稳定性降低,结构趋于年轻化,其中1/2CSL处理效果最好。     

拖拉机前置喷药机的设计

喷药机在我国农村农田作业中起着重要作用。为此,通过对喷药机主要结构、工作原理、相应工作泵、喷头、药箱选取及逆止喷药回流阀的设计,研制出了一种在实际应用中具有良好效果的拖拉机前置式喷药机。     

草浆黑液半焦直接苛化水蒸气气化特性研究

采用管式炉在750~900℃内进行了草浆黑液半焦水蒸气气化实验,考察了温度、苛化剂TiO2对气体产物及固体产物的影响;采用热重分析仪在850℃下进行了半焦的水蒸气气化实验,探究了TiO2对半焦热失重特性的影响。结果表明:在750~900℃内,TiO2的添加使得气体产物中CO2增加约5%、H2减少约5%,碳转化率上升约10%,产气热值下降约7%;TiO2可避免气化过程中熔融物的生成;随着温度的升高,固体产物中无机盐的种类未发生变化;TiO2与半焦中的Na2CO3反应生成Na2O·nTiO2,与Na2SiO3结合生成Na2TiSiO5,改变了元素Na与Si的存在形态。     

白绒红蛋鸟巢菌发酵液提取物的抑菌活性

对白绒红蛋鸟巢菌[Nidula niveotomentosa(P.Henn)Lloyd]发酵液的正丁醇提取物进行抑菌试验,结果显示:正丁醇提取物对土曲霉、绳状青霉、产黄青霉、宛氏拟青霉和青霉均有较强的抑制作用。不同浓度处理时,提取物对霉菌的抑制作用呈极显著差异。且抑菌作用随浓度的增大而增强。结果还显示:提取物对细菌和植物病原菌无抑菌活性。且提取物对土曲霉、绳状青霉、产黄青霉的MIC为6.25 mg/mL,对宛氏青霉和青霉的MIC为12.5 mg/mL。     

RP-HPLC法测定杜仲叶发酵液中绿原酸的含量

建立反相高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定杜仲叶发酵液中绿原酸的含量。色谱条柱SymmetrySheildRP18柱(3.9mm×300mm,5μm),以水-甲醇-乙酸(88∶12∶1.2,V/V)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长326nm,柱温25℃。绿原酸对照品在2.24～11.2μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9993)。该方法简便、准确、线性范围宽,可用于含绿原酸的原料及产品的质量控制。     

黑色高光生漆涂料的制备工艺及性能研究

为了研究黑色高光生漆涂料的各项性能,本试验选取5个产地天然生漆与调制黑料按不同比例混合和调制,以搭配比例、干燥温度与湿度为变量,对生漆涂料的干燥时间、物理机械性能、耐温及耐化学腐蚀性能进行测定,通过正交优化和多因素方差分析,各因素的影响程度为湿度≥温度≥含量≥搭配比例,在1 kg含量为71％的生漆搭配50％的黑料和2.02的助剂,调制出的黑色高光生漆涂料在温度为25℃、湿度85％时干燥时间最短为22.6h.与传统推光漆的性能进行比较,干燥时间变短,性能更加优越.