鲍藻混养配比密度的研究

为探索杂交鲍与海藻混养的合适密度比例,分2部分进行试验。第一部分将不同密度的石莼和真江蓠分别在水产养殖废水中养殖24h,观察24h内水体中NH＋4-N,NO-2-N,NO-3-N,PO3-4-P的浓度变化。结果显示：2种海藻都能有效地吸收4种营养盐,且随着海藻密度的增加,吸收效果也加强;第二部分试验,将不同密度的杂交鲍分别与密度为3g·L-1的石莼和6g·L-1的真江蓠进行混养。结果显示：随着杂交鲍密度的增加,杂交鲍的生长率有所下降。当杂交鲍混养密度为400粒·池-1时,杂交鲍的生长率相较密度为200粒·池-1时差异不显著,而与杂交鲍密度为600粒·池-1时差异显著。结果还表明,同等密度的杂交鲍,与石莼混养的养殖效果优于真江蓠。     

Exploring the Potential of Icelandic Seaweeds Extracts Produced by Aqueous Pulsed Electric Fields-Assisted Extraction for Cosmetic Applications

A growing concern for overall health is driving a global market of natural ingredients not only in the food industry but also in the cosmetic field. In this study, a screening on potential cosmetic applications of aqueous extracts from three Icelandic seaweeds produced by pulsed electric fields (PEF) was performed. Produced extracts by PEF from Ulva lactuca, Alaria esculenta and Palmaria palmata were compared with the traditional hot water extraction in terms of polyphenol, flavonoid and carbohydrate content. Moreover, antioxidant properties and enzymatic inhibitory activities were evaluated by using in vitro assays. PEF exhibited similar results to the traditional method, showing several advantages such as its non-thermal nature and shorter extraction time. Amongst the three Icelandic species, Alaria esculenta showed the highest content of phenolic (mean value 8869.7 µg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (mean value 12,098.7 µg QE/g dw) compounds, also exhibiting the highest antioxidant capacities. Moreover, Alaria esculenta extracts exhibited excellent anti-enzymatic activities (76.9, 72.8, 93.0 and 100% for collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase, respectively) for their use in skin whitening and anti-aging products. Thus, our preliminary study suggests that Icelandic Alaria esculenta-based extracts produced by PEF could be used as potential ingredients for natural cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations.     

Nutritional Value and Biofunctionalities of Two Edible Green Seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and Caulerpa racemosa) from Indonesia by Subcritical Water Hydrolysis

Caulerpa racemosa (sea grapes) and Ulva lactuca (sea lettuces) are edible green seaweeds and good sources of bioactive compounds for future foods, nutraceuticals and cosmeceutical industries. In the present study, we determined nutritional values and investigated the recovery of bioactive compounds from C. racemosa and U. lactuca using hot water extraction (HWE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) at different extraction temperatures (110 to 230 °C). Besides significantly higher extraction yield, SWE processes also give higher protein, sugar, total phenolic (TPC), saponin (TSC), flavonoid contents (TFC) and antioxidant activities as compared to the conventional HWE process. When SWE process was applied, the highest TPC, TSC and TFC values were obtained from U. lactuca hydrolyzed at reaction temperature 230 °C with the value of 39.82 ± 0.32 GAE mg/g, 13.22 ± 0.33 DE mg/g and 6.5 ± 0.47 QE mg/g, respectively. In addition, it also showed the highest antioxidant activity with values of 5.45 ± 0.11 ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) mg/g and 8.03 ± 0.06 trolox equivalents (TE) mg/g for ABTS and total antioxidant, respectively. The highest phenolic acids in U. lactuca were gallic acid and vanillic acid. Cytotoxic assays demonstrated that C. racemosa and U. lactuca hydrolysates obtained by HWE and SWE did not show any toxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells at tested concentrations after 24 h and 48 h of treatment (p < 0.05), suggesting that both hydrolysates were safe and non-toxic for application in foods, cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals products. In addition, the results of this study demonstrated the potential of SWE for the production of high-quality seaweed hydrolysates. Collectively, this study shows the potential of under-exploited tropical green seaweed resources as potential antioxidants in nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products.     

外源水杨酸对叶用莴苣生化特性的影响

在3叶1心时,选取大小一致的莴苣幼苗,定植到日光温室中。分别以不同浓度(0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6mmol/L)的外源水杨酸(SA)溶液进行叶面喷施处理,旨在研究外源水杨酸对叶用莴苣幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:浓度在0.2～0.4mmol/L的SA处理,能显著提高叶用莴苣幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧物歧化酶的活性,增加可溶性蛋白的含量,降低丙二醛的含量。当处理浓度超过0.4mmol/L或低于0.2mmol/L时,幼苗的生理生化特性,各指标均反应出SA处理的效应呈下降的趋势。     

灰色关联分析法对叶用莴苣生长期光环境的优化

为保证设施叶用莴苣周年生产的供给,研究了人工气候条件下不同光照模式对叶用莴苣生长期生长特性的影响,以确定叶用莴苣生长的最优光环境,实验以‘意大利’全年耐抽薹叶用莴苣（Lactuca sativa L.）为试材,设计 LED 红蓝配比（7:3、5:5、3:7）、光周期（12L/12D、16L/8D、20L/4D）及光照强度[100 μmol/(m2·s)、150 μmol/(m2·s)、200 μmol/(m2·s)]的 3 因素 3 水平正交实验,利用灰色关联分析法分析不同光照模式对生长期叶用莴苣植株的生长、光合色素含量及营养品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理对叶用莴苣生长期生长及品质的影响不同。相比于其他光环境条件,处理 9[红蓝配比 3:7,光周期 20L/4D,光强 150 μmol/(m2·s)]更有利于光合色素的积累。红蓝配比 3:7 的光照模式较其他处理更有利于蛋白质合成;处理 3[红蓝配比 7:3,光周期 20L/4D,光强 200 μmol/(m2·s)]有利于降低生长期叶用莴苣叶片硝态氮含量,促进可溶性糖的积累。综合分析得出 3 个光照因子对水培叶用莴苣生长及品质影响的重要程度依次为：光强、光质配比、光周期,最适的光照模式组合为：红蓝配比 7:3、光强 200 μmol/(m2·s)、光周期 20L/4D。本研究结果可为叶用莴苣生长的最适光环境提供参考,同时为 LED 灯具在植物照明领域的设计提供 技术支持。     

Nutrient and Nutraceutical Potentials of Seaweed Biomass Ulva lactuca and Kappaphycus alvarezii

The study aimed at evaluating the nutrient and nutraceutical potentials of the selected seaweed biomass namely Ulva lactuca and Kappaphycus alvarezii. The selected seaweeds were found to be rich in macro and micronutrients. Kappaphycus contained high amount of ash when compared to U. lactuca. It is revealed that the mercury level in U. lactuca was 0.017 ppm and it was not detected in K. alvarezii. The heavy metal concentration in the selected seaweeds was within the tolerable value reported as quality criteria for edible seaweeds. These seaweeds were also found to be rich sources of vitamin antioxidants namely Vitamin C, total carotenoid, beta carotene, total chlorophyll and polyphenol. The phytochemical screening of the selected seaweeds showed that both seaweeds contained carbohydrates, protein, gums and mulicage, phenols, starch and quinones. Alkaloids was absent in Kappaphycus, saponins was moderate in U. actuca when compared to Kappaphycus. Glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids were absent in both the species. The selected seaweeds also possess antibacterial activity. The selected biomass could be recommended for use in dietaries to combat protein energy malnutrition and in particular micronutrient deficiencies.     

烤石莼等温吸湿曲线的研究

文章探讨了烤石莼（Ulvapertusa）等温吸湿曲线的特性。试验中对烤石莼在5—40℃范围的等温吸湿变化规律进行了研究,将曲线通过计算机拟合获得相应的回归方程。通过回归拟合建立烤石莼在5～40℃条件下的干基含水量与水分活度对应关系的数学模型。研究结果表明,烤石莼等温吸湿曲线在5～40℃均呈现经典的反S型。用计算机拟合获得的曲线回归方程相关系数大,计算误差小。     

Seaweed Extracts: A Promising Source of Antibiofilm Agents with Distinct Mechanisms of Action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The organization of bacteria in biofilms is one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms providing increased protection against conventional treatments. Thus, the search for new antibiofilm agents for medical purposes, especially of natural origin, is currently the object of much attention. The objective of the study presented here was to explore the potential of extracts derived from three seaweeds: the green Ulva lactuca, the brown Stypocaulon scoparium, and the red Pterocladiella capillacea, in terms of their antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. After preparation of extracts by successive maceration in various solvents, their antibiofilm activity was evaluated on biofilm formation and on mature biofilms. Their inhibition and eradication abilities were determined using two complementary methods: crystal violet staining and quantification of adherent bacteria. The effect of active extracts on biofilm morphology was also investigated by epifluorescence microscopy. Results revealed a promising antibiofilm activity of two extracts (cyclohexane and ethyl acetate) derived from the green alga by exhibiting a distinct mechanism of action, which was supported by microscopic analyses. The ethyl acetate extract was further explored for its interaction with tobramycin and colistin. Interestingly, this extract showed a promising synergistic effect with tobramycin. First analyses of the chemical composition of extracts by GC–MS allowed for the identification of several molecules. Their implication in the interesting antibiofilm activity is discussed. These findings suggest the ability of the green alga U. lactuca to offer a promising source of bioactive candidates that could have both a preventive and a curative effect in the treatment of biofilms.     

烟台金沙滩绿潮爆发的基本状况与应对措施

2007年5～6月烟台开发区金沙滩海域发生大面积石莼引起的绿潮事件,通过对绿潮发生前后相关因子监测分析发现,石莼的最适生长盐度范围为10～15,水温为15.0～20.0℃,水体富营养程度决定石莼生物量。调查发现,急剧变化的水温是这次绿潮消亡的主要因素。加强监测、及时捕捞和采取科学合理的应对措施将有效抑制绿潮的爆发。