Correlation between hydrolytic enzyme activities measured in bean seedlings afterTrichoderma koningii treatment combined with pregermination and the protective effect againstPythium splendens

An experimental protocol consisting in the colonisation of pregerminated bean seeds dressed withTrichoderma sp. was used in order to study the mechanisms correlated with the protective effect againstPythium splendens. Seed dressed with TH-11 (T. koningii) for 24 h presented a higher protective effect and a higher level of seed colonisation as compared to those dressed with TH-13 (T. longibranchiatum). The levels of seed coat colonisation by TH-11 and TH-13 was shown to be correlated with the carboxymethylcellulase activity, as measured in the seed coats retreived from germinating dressed bean seeds. The seed coat colonisation was also associated with an increased activities of endo-1,3-k8346631/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-glucanase and endochitinase measured in seed extracts, and an inhibitory effect of seed extracts onPythium sporangia germination. Pretreatment of TH-13-dressed seeds with a commercial cellulase improved all parameters mentioned above, thus suggesting a role of cellulase activity in the colonisation process and the linked protective effect. The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in the protective effects is discussed.     

利用高密度SNP 遗传图谱定位小麦穗部性状基因

小麦穗部性状之间相关性密切, 其中穗粒数和千粒重是重要的产量构成要素, 挖掘与穗部性状相关联的基因位点对分子标记辅助育种及解释基因效应具有重要意义。本研究以RIL群体(山农01-35×藁城9411) 173个F_8:9株系为材料, 利用90 k小麦SNP基因芯片、DArT芯片技术及传统的分子标记技术构建的高密度遗传图谱, 在5个环境下进行穗部相关性状QTL定位。检测到位于1B、4B、5B、6A染色体上7个控制千粒重的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率6.00%~36.30%, 加性效应均来自大粒母本山农01-35; 检测到8个控制穗长的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率14.34%~25.44%; 3个控制穗粒数的加性QTL; 5个控制可育小穗数的加性QTL; 3个控制不育小穗数的加性QTL, 贡献率为8.70%~37.70%; 4个控制总小穗数的加性QTL; 6个控制小穗密度的加性QTL。通过基因型与环境互作分析, 检测到32个加性QTL, 解释表型变异率0.05%~1.05%。在4B染色体区段EX_C101685–RAC875_C27536检测到控制粒重、穗长、穗粒数、可育小穗数、不育小穗数、总小穗数的一因多效QTL,其贡献率为5.40%~37.70%, 该位点在多个环境中被检测到, 是稳定主效QTL。在6A染色体wPt-0959-TaGw2-CAPS区间上检测到控制粒重、总小穗数的QTL。研究结果为穗部性状的分子标记开发、基因精细定位和功能基因克隆奠定了基础。     

拟南芥黄化突变体k60的基因作图定位

拟南芥黄化突变体k60是从甲基磺酸乙脂诱变的拟南芥突变体库中筛选得到的。该突变体表现为叶色发黄,生长迟缓,叶绿素含量降低。遗传分析发现其为单基因控制的隐性突变。利用遗传作图的方法将突变基因定位于拟南芥5号染色体上CH5-6.0到CH5-6.24两个分子标记之间的231 kb区间内。本项工作的研究结果为该突变基因的鉴定奠定了前期基础,并且为研究拟南芥黄化基因的功能提供了新的实验材料。      

Milk Protein Polymorphism in Kangayam Cattle

This paper reports the milk protein polymorphism, the allele frequencies of variants and the possible linkages among various combinations of milk protein phenotypes in the Kangayam cattle of south India. Milk samples from 156 Kangayam cows were typed by starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for caseins and whey proteins, respectively. All the four milk protein components studied, k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">_s1-casein, k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-casein, k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-lactoglobulin and k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin, exhibited polymorphism with high allele frequencies of 0.9231±0.0151 for k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">_s1-casein C, 0.9263±0.0148 for k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-casein A, 0.9135±0.0159 for k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-lactoglobulin B and a relatively high frequency of 0.6218±0.0275 for k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin A. The mean heterozygosity estimated over all the four milk protein loci was 0.2420. Genetic equilibrium was observed among all the loci studied, except k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin. Linkage analysis confirmed the non-independence between k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">_s1- and k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-caseins and between caseins and k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin phenotypes.     

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and Two Plant Activators in Sunflower Plants

Interactions between Plasmopara helianthi, Glomus mosseae and two plant activators DL-k61581787603lqq3/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) and CGA 245704 (acibenzolar-S-methyl (BTH)) in sunflower plants susceptible to downy mildew were studied in four experiments using different methods of treatment and pathogen inoculation. Both chemicals were applied as soil drenches and foliar sprays, whereas P. helianthi infection was obtained by root and cotyledon inoculations of the seedlings. Soil drenches at the rates of 50 and 100k61581787603lqq3/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">mgk61581787603lqq3/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">kg^–1 soil of BABA and BTH given 1 and 3 days before P. helianthi inoculation, respectively to mycorrhizal plants, provided moderate protection against the pathogen (about 50–55%). Morphological changes and decrease in mycorrhizal colonization in roots of BTH-treated plants and in BTH-treated mycorrhizal plants were also observed. Delay in the emergence and reduction of the root systems were more evident at the highest concentration but decreased with time. These effects were absent with the BABA treatment.Foliar spray treatment of BABA and BTH, applied at 4000 and 200k61581787603lqq3/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">µgk61581787603lqq3/xxlarge8201.gif" alt="thinsp" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">ml^–1, respectively (1 day post-inoculation) to mycorrhizal plants provided good protection (about 80%) against P. helianthi foliar infections. No effects on mycorrhizal colonization or on root systems were observed. In vitro tests on the effect of the compounds on the mycorrhizal fungus showed that the germination of G. mosseae sporocarps increased with BABA treatment whereas it was greatly inhibited by BTH treatment.     

Synthesis of dihydroxyphenacyl glycosides for biological and medicinal study: β-oxoacteoside from Paulownia tomentosa

The protected structure of k1gq/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-oxoacteoside (tomentoside A), 2-oxo-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-k1gq/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-4-O-caffeoyl-k1gq/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-d-glucopyranoside 14 was synthesized in 14% overall yield in 11 steps, starting from d-glucose for biological and medicinal studies of phenylpropanoid glycosides. The first step was the preparation of a 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl disaccharide sugar core 2 from a suitably protected rhamnosyl trichloroacetimidate 10 and glucose derivative (diacetone-d-glucose 1) in 71% yield. To the glucose moiety of this sugar core, several protection/deprotection procedures were performed sequentially to obtain a fully acetylated sugar core 7 with a 4-OH group on the glucose moiety, in 57% yield in five steps. Thereafter, to the 4-OH group of the glucose moiety, selective 4-O-caffeoylation was achieved by proton-transfer esterification with 3,4-di-O-allylcaffeic acid 16 to give the caffeoyl disaccharide 11 in 97% yield. Then, it was converted to trichloroacetimidate 13 for a glycosylation donor in 90% in two steps. Finally, anomeric glycosylation was conducted with 2-oxo-2-(3,4-di-allyloxyphenyl)ethyl alcohol 19 with catalytic amounts of BF₃·Et₂O to give 2-oxo-2-(3,4-di-allyloxyphenyl)ethyl 2,6-di-O-acetyl-3-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-k1gq/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-4-O-(3,4-di-allyloxycaffeoyl)-k1gq/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-d-glucopyranoside 14 in 60% yield. Deprotected intermediates of compounds 2, 11, 14, and 19 which were obtained in high yield would be useful for biological and medicinal studies of phenylpropanoid glycosides.Part of this study was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April, 2002     

Simple method for synthesizing phenolicβ-O-4 dilignols

A modified synthetic method for phenolick56l8133101k/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-O-4 lignin substructure model dimers was developed involving protection of the phenolic hydroxyl group of acetophenons with benzoyl chloride, bromination with 4-dimethylaminopyridiniumbromide perbromide, condensation with phenols in the presence of 18-crown-6-ether, condensation with paraformaldehyde, reduction with NaBH₄ and debenzoylation. This method results in shorter reaction times and increasing yields without the application of strict anhydrous and drastic conditions or chloric solvents. This alternative route could be applied to thek56l8133101k/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-O-4 dilignol syntheses of four combinations of guaiacyl and syringyl derivatives.     

Effects of melatonin,p-chlorophenylalanine,and α-methylparatyrosine on plasma gonadotropin level and ovarian activity in the catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis: A study correlating changes in hypothalamic monoamines

The effects of (ip, 10 injections over 20 days) of melatonin (75 k456/xxlarge956.gif" alt="mgr" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">g 100 g^–1 BW), the serotonin (5-HT)-synthesis blocker, para-cholorophenylalanine (p-CPA, 10 mg 100g^{–1 BW}) and the catecholamine-synthesis blocker, k456/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-methylparatyrosine (k456/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-MPT, 10 mg 100 g^–1 BW) on gonadotropin (GTH) secretion and ovarian activity were studied in ^{Heteropneustes fossilis} during late preparatory to early prespawning (April–May). The treatments resulted in significant reductions of plasma GTH and estradiol-17k456/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> levels, the gonadosomatic index, frequency distribution of vitellogenic and postvitellogenic oocytes, and ovarian and serum ³²p-labelled alkali-labile phosphoprotein (a marker of vitellogenic activity). Most of the oocytes were nonvitellogenic or had undergone atretic changes. The hepatic ³²-phosphoprotein content increased significantly over the saline control value. The effects were similar and pronounced in the p-CPA and melatonin-treated groups but were moderate in the k456/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-MPT-treated group. Hypothalamic 5-HT content and turnover were significantly inhibited in the p-CPA and melatonin-treated groups but the content and turnover of catecholamines were not. The k456/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-MPT treatment decreased significantly the content and turnover of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), and adrenaline (A) but did not influence the 5-HT content or turnover. These results suggest that 5-HT, NA and A are stimulatory to GTH secretion and that melatonin may act on the serotonergic system to inhibit the pituitary-gonadal axis.to whom correspondence should be addressed.A part of the results was presented at the International Workshop on Pineal gland: Its molecular signals and published as an abstract in Neuroendocrinol. Lett. 14: 399 pp., 1992.     

孕酮处理对蛋鸡蛋壳钙化过程中CaBP-d28k基因表达的影响

实验旨在研究孕酮对蛋鸡CaBP-d28k基因表达的影响。对产蛋高峰期蛋鸡进行孕酮和孕酮受体拮抗剂(RU-486)处理,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(QRT-PCR),测定在蛋壳形成过程中输卵管子宫部钙结合蛋白(CaBP-d28k)、孕酮受体(PGR)的表达量;同时对血液中钙离子和孕酮浓度变化进行测定。结果表明:孕酮处理后,血液中钙离子浓度显著降低(P<0.05),输卵管子宫部CaBP-d28k表达量也显著降低(P<0.05);孕酮受体拮抗剂处理后,血液中钙离子浓度显著升高(P<0.05),输卵管子宫部CaBP-d28k表达量极显著升高(P<0.01)。结果提示,在蛋壳钙化过程中,孕酮对CaBP-d28k表达和钙离子转运起负调控作用。