拖拉机室内台架试验技术现状与展望

作为拖拉机研发的重要验证手段，拖拉机室内台架试验可方便高效地为拖拉机模拟各种工况下的性能表现。首先探究动力总成控制技术、负载模拟技术、试验数据处理技术和试验结果评价技术4种拖拉机室内台架试验关键技术，结合试验技术的最新研究进展，对4种技术进行详细的阐述和分析。接着从动力总成控制算法、负载模拟算法、试验数据处理方法、试验结果评价指标体系4个方面对拖拉机室内台架试验技术进行讨论与展望。最后得出对动力总成算法进行优化、提高动态负载模拟精度、保持试验数据处理方法的前沿性、对试验结果综合客观评价是拖拉机室内台架试验技术的发展趋势，以期为我国拖拉机室内台架试验技术的发展提供参考。     

UV‐light and dietary vitamin D and their effects on ionized calcium and 25‐OH‐D plasma concentrations in captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua)

In this study, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light and dietary vitamin D on calcium metabolism in permanently indoor‐housed gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua ) was investigated. The study consisted of three periods, each completed with blood samples to analyse plasma concentrations of 25‐OH‐D, 1,25‐(OH)₂‐D, ionized (iCa) and total calcium (tCa). During the first study period (D), animals were housed under routine conditions without UV‐light and fed a diet of different fish species, supplemented with 1,000 IU vitamin D per animal and day. The following study period (Baseline) of 28‐day duration consisted of the same diet without any vitamin D supplementation and without UV‐light. During the study period (UVB) artificial UV‐light was added for 3 weeks. The vitamin D content of fish was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. It varied between fish species and between facilities, ranging from no measurable content in capelin (Mallotus villosus ) to 7,340 IU vitamin D/kg original matter (OM) in herring (Clupea spp). The average dietary vitamin D content was 311 IU/kg OM at facility 1 and 6,325 IU/kg OM at facility 2, resulting in a vitamin D intake per animal and day without supplementation of 130 IU (25.5 IU/kg body weight BW) and 2,454 IU (438.2 IU/kg BW) respectively. The supplementation of vitamin D elevated significantly the plasma concentrations of 25‐OH‐D by an intraindividual difference of 15 (range ?2 to 59) nmol/L and tCa by 0.1 (0.0–0.3) mmol/L only at facility 2. The exposure to UV‐light raised the blood concentrations of tCa at facility 2 by 0.15 (0.1–0.2) mmol/L, and of iCa and tCa for females at facility 1 by 0.23 (0.13–0.41) mmol/L and 1.8 (1.1–2.5) mmol/L respectively. No significant influence of the study periods (D) and (UVB) was found for the concentrations of 1,25‐(OH)₂‐D at both facilities.     

Influence of Indoor Thermal Environment on Thermal Comfort of Human Body

Analyses the thermal environment parameters from physiological aspect and from psychological aspect respectively. Introduces the conception of thermal comfort of human body from heat balance aspect. Presents some measures to improve indoor thermal environment and advance thermal comfort of human body. Analyses the influence of indoor thermal environment on thermal comfort of human body and some questions on the aspect of this research, also puts forward some advices.     

分户热计量系统中室内温度的分析

根据分户热计量系统的供热特点,提出了分户热计量系统中室内设计计算温度的最佳值和适合我国国情的适用设计值;并给出了在调节过程中流量变化系数与室温变化之间的数学关系式。     

室内环境对银心吊兰生长及调节空气效能的影响

通过测定具有代表性的四种室内环境条件下银心吊兰的固碳释氧量、释水量的变化,研究了银心吊兰叶片生长与环境条件相互作用,结果表明:在南向阳光充足的窗边,银心吊兰的固碳释氧量和释水量最大,但叶片生长较慢;光强稍弱的东向窗边,叶片生长较快,但固碳释氧量和释水量低于南向窗边;阴暗的条件下叶片的生长受到抑制,改善环境能力严重降低。     

海水鱼类室内育苗与室外育苗对比试验

为建立一套海水鱼类人工育苗技术,分别采用室内水泥池、室外对虾高位池以及室内水泥池与室外对虾高位池相结合的育苗方法进行美国红鱼、花尾胡椒鲷等鱼类人工育苗试验。结果表明:室内水泥池育苗成活率为11%～98 8%,室外对虾高位池育苗成活率最高为6%,室内外相结合育苗的成活率为37 5%～73%。采用前期室内人工培育,幼苗体长约10mm移到室外对虾高位池培育,既可提高育苗成活率,又可降低育苗成本,是目前值得推广的育苗方法。     

淡水养殖中华鲟成鱼的3种方式及效果比较

淡水养殖中华鲟成鱼主要有工厂化养殖、网箱养殖和池塘养殖等3种方式。工厂化养殖和网箱养殖中华鲟成鱼的生长速度要明显快于池塘养殖方式,其中网箱养殖的成鱼有最大的相对生长率和瞬时生长率。工厂化养殖中华鲟成鱼需要较大的资金投入和较高的生产运行成本,同等生产规模的投资成本和生产运行成本为网箱养殖的2~3倍,不宜大规模推广,可选择条件适宜的山溪、水库进行自流式流水养殖;网箱养殖投入产出比高,能源消耗少,节约水资源,养殖中华鲟的生长速度、成活率、资金投入的效益等均有较明显的优势,是一种值得提倡和推广的中华鲟成鱼养殖方式。池塘养殖中华鲟成鱼虽然投入和成本低,但养殖成活率低,效果差,不宜大量采用。试验结果表明,工厂化养殖和网箱养殖中华鲟成鱼的单位面积载鱼量均较低,规格1~3kg的个体,养殖时的有效载鱼量控制在10kg·m-2左右较适宜,不宜超过15kg·m-2。     

Effect of dietary phosphorus levels on growth and body composition of crucian carp,Carassius auratus under indoor and outdoor experiments

Indoor and outdoor experiments were carried out simultaneously to evaluate the effects of dietary phosphorus levels on growth performance and body composition of crucian carp. Monocalcium was used to formulate extruded feed containing available phosphorus (AP) of 1.5 (D1), 4.7 (D2), 6.3 (D3) and 9.0 (D4) g kg^?1. Twelve 500‐L recirculating tanks were assigned to four triplicate groups with each tank stocked with 15 juveniles (39.88 ± 0.14 g) for indoor experiment. Twelve polyethylene enclosures were assigned to four groups with each one stocked with 120 juveniles (44.08 ± 1.36 g). After 8 weeks of feeding, survival ranged from 96% to 100%. Weight gain, special growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and feed conversion rate did not show significant differences among dietary treatments in both experiments. Fish cultured in the enclosures grew better, although D1 and D2 treatments did not reach significant level. Crude protein and phosphorus content of the fish were not significantly affected by dietary phosphorus level. Moisture, crude lipid, crude ash and vertebrae phosphorus were significantly affected by different phosphorus levels. Based on vertebrae phosphorus, crucian carp cultured in the tanks and in the enclosures showed phosphorus deficiency under 4.7 g kg^?1 and 6.3 g kg^?1 AP, respectively.     

减阻剂室外埋地评价环道及瞬态模型

针对减阻剂室内评价环道存在的问题,设计安装了管径159mm、长300m的室外埋地评价环道,其管径、长度、油品流速更接近于实际管道.该装置采用高压氮气作为动力源,测试段沿线布设高精度压力传感器和高频压力传感器,测试段出口设有超声波流量计,同时安装有耐压罐和常压罐.由于在环道评价试验中装置的压力不断变化,因此建立了试验过程氮气管路、油品管路、氮气罐、耐压罐的瞬态模型,使用VB语言编制了计算程序,用以计算不同粘度和初始压力下的油品流速和压力变化,雷诺数范围和试验时间,判断试验条件的可行性.     

基于核自适应滤波的无线传感网络定位算法研究

针对动态室内环境的变化及时变的接收信号强度(Received signal strength,RSS)对定位精度的影响,提出了一类基于核自适应滤波算法的农业无线传感器网络室内定位方法。核自适应滤波算法具体包括量化核最小均方(Quantized kernel least mean square,QKLMS)算法及固定预算(Fixed-budget,FB)核递推最小二乘(Kernel recursive least-squares,KRLS)算法。QKLMS算法基于一种简单在线矢量量化方法替代稀疏化,抑制核自适应滤波中径向基函数结构的增长。FB-KRLS算法是一种固定内存预算的在线学习方法,与以往的"滑窗"技术不同,每次时间更新时并不"修剪"最旧的数据,而是旨在"修剪"最无用的数据,从而抑制核矩阵的不断增长。通过构建RSS指纹信息与物理位置之间的非线性映射关系,核自适应滤波算法实现WSN的室内定位,将所提出的算法应用于仿真与物理环境下的不同实例中,在同等条件下,还与其他核学习算法、极限学习机(Extreme learning machine,ELM)等定位算法进行比较。仿真实验中2种算法在3种情形下的平均定位误差分别为0.746、0.443 m,物理实验中2种算法在2种情形下的平均定位误差分别为0.547、0.282 m。实验结果表明,所提出的核自适应滤波算法均能提高定位精度,其在线学习能力使得所提出的定位算法能自适应环境动态的变化。