不同用量纳米材料对生菜种子发芽的影响

以意大利生菜和红脆香生菜种子为试验材料,研究不同用量石墨相氮化碳纳米材料(0、50、100、150、200 mg/L)对2种生菜种子萌发的影响。结果表明:纳米材料用量在50～150 mg/L时对2种生菜发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数均有促进作用,用量在100 mg/L时,意大利生菜的发芽率、发芽指数最高;用量在150 mg/L时,红脆香生菜发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数最高。纳米材料用量达到200 mg/L时,对生菜种子萌发的促进效果减小,甚至出现抑制萌发的现象。较高用量(150、200 mg/L)的纳米材料可以促进生菜胚根的伸长,用量在150 mg/L时,意大利生菜胚根最长,比对照(CK)增加了24.80%;用量在200 mg/L时,红脆香生菜胚根最长,比对照增加了37.20%。施加纳米材料对生菜胚芽长度的影响不显著。总之,纳米材料用量在50～150 mg/L时,可以促进生菜种子的萌发;较高用量(150、200 mg/L)的纳米材料可以促进生菜种子胚根的伸长;施加纳米材料对胚芽长的影响不显著。     

Physiological Races and Vegetative Compatibility Groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Isolated from Crisphead Lettuce in Japan

One hundred and sixteen isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae obtained from 85 fields in three crisphead lettuce-producing areas in Nagano Prefecture, Japan were typed for races using differential cultivars Patriot, Banchu Red Fire and Costa Rica No. 4. They were also grouped into vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) using complementation tests with nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. Two California strains reported as F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum, a type culture of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and 28 avirulent isolates of F. oxysporum obtained from crisphead lettuce were included for comparison. Among Nagano isolates, 66 isolates were identified as race 1, and 50 as race 2. Race 1 strains derived from Shiojiri and Komoro cities and race 2 from Kawakami village and Komoro city. All isolates of race 2 were biotin auxotrophs, and the race could be distinguished based on its requirement for biotin on minimal nitrate agar medium (MM). Pathogenic isolates were classified into two VCGs and three heterokaryon self-incompatible isolates. Strong correlations were found between race and VCG. All the race 1 strains were assigned to VCG 1 except self-incompatible isolates, and all the race 2 strains to VCG 2. The 28 avirulent isolates of F. oxysporum were incompatible with VCG 1 and VCG 2. California strains was vegetatively compatible with VCG 1, and they were assigned to race 1. Based on vegetative compatibility, these two races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae may be genetically distinct, and F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae race 1 is identical to F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucum. Received 7 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 6 September 2002     

Movement of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in the stems of lettuce and seed contamination

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians , the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce (BLS), can be seedborne, but the mechanism by which the bacteria contaminates and/or infects lettuce seed is not known. In this study, the capacity of X. campestris pv. vitians to enter and translocate within the vascular system of lettuce plants was examined. The stems of 8- to 11-week-old lettuce plants were stab-inoculated, and movement of X. campestris pv. vitians was monitored at various intervals. At 4, 8, 12 and 16 h post-inoculation (hpi), X. campestris pv. vitians was recovered from 2 to 10 cm above (depending on stem length) and 2 cm below the inoculation site. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was also recovered from surface-disinfested stem sections of spray-inoculated plants. Together, these results are consistent with X. campestris pv. vitians invading and moving systemically within the vascular system of lettuce plants. To investigate the mechanism of seed contamination, lettuce plants at the vegetative stage of growth were spray-inoculated with X. campestris pv. vitians and allowed to develop BLS. Seed collected from these plants had a 2% incidence of X. campestris pv. vitians external colonization, but no bacteria were recovered from within the seed.     

Variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola

During 1997–2000 the virulence variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) in natural populations of Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) were studied. Altogether 139 isolates of B. lactucae originating from the Czech Republic, France and Germany were examined for the presence of 27 virulence factors (v-factors) and their combinations. In the Czech population, 37 different v-phenotypes (P1–P37) of B. lactucae were found to occur on L. serriola . Most v-phenotypes were characterized by v-factors that match resistance ( Dm genes/R-factors) carried by L. serriola . A wide diversity of v-phenotypes was recorded every year, but most were rare and did not reappear in other populations of B. lactucae . The three v-phenotypes P21, P28 and P29 were most frequent and widely distributed. There was variation both between spatially isolated populations and within populations of the pathogen. Geographic differences in virulence were found for the southern parts of Moravia, where the phenotypic composition of pathogen populations was completely different from the remaining part of the area investigated. However, some populations had v-phenotypes similar to those of spatially distant populations in Moravia.     

Critical comparison of the vanadomolybdate and the molybdenum blue methods for the analysis of phosphate in plant sap

Abstract

The performance of the vanodomolybdate and molybdenum blue methods for the routine determination of phosphate in plant sap were compared in order to assess their suitability for the detection of P deficiency at an early stage of plant growth. The molybdenum blue method was ca 10 times more sensitive than the vanadomolybdate one and required less sap to give a successful test. Recoveries of phosphate added to both sap and solution samples were close to 100% with both methods. The methods were in good agreement over a wide range of phosphate concentrations using sap samples from all leaves during the early stages of P deficiency, but increases in sap background colour caused the vanadomolybdate method to overestimate phosphate concentrations as the deficiency became more acute. Measurements on solutions of similar absorbance showed that the vanadomolybdate method was not significantly more variable than the molybdenum blue method but tended to overestimate phosphate concentration when very small volumes of sap were available. It was concluded that the molybdenum blue method was the most reliable for routine measurements of phosphate in plant sap.     

赤霉素(GA_3)对叶用莴苣抽薹特性的影响

以叶用莴苣耐抽薹品种意大利生菜和易抽薹品种佰根绿为试验材料,采用营养钵基质栽培法,研究了外源GA_3处理对叶用莴苣抽薹特性(薹中心柱长、抽薹率)的影响。试验结果表明,GA_3可显著促进叶用莴苣抽薹,显著增加薹高及抽薹率,佰根绿的薹高、抽薹率分别是对照(不喷GA_3)的5.7倍、2.25倍,意大利生菜的薹高、抽薹率分别是对照的5.5倍、2.01倍,易抽薹品种的抽薹特性对GA_3的响应较为敏感。     

Root exudation of prometryn and its metabolites from Chinese celery (Apium graveolens)

Root exudates from Chinese celery (Apium graveolens) and Chinese cabbage (pak choi, Brassica chinensis) plants treated by prometryn, an herbicide, were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated and compared under hydroponic cultivation. Prometryn and its metabolites released into the nutrient solution were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with orbitrap mass spectrometer to investigate whether this xylem-mobile herbicide is exuded from the roots. The results showed that celery and pak choi had different root exudation profiles. Celery metabolized prometryn to prometryn sulfoxide and released both compounds from the roots. In contrast, pak choi barely metabolized or actively released prometryn from the roots. The concentration of prometryn sulfoxide released from celery after 96 hr was 21 µg/L, which was nearly one-third that of released prometryn. Our results indicate that the root exudation and translocation of xylem-mobile herbicides could be significant in plants and are highly species dependent compared with phloem-mobile herbicides.     

巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应

为了探究巯基化坡缕石作为钝化剂在镉污染碱性土壤上的适用性及应用潜力,选取典型镉污染碱性土壤,以青菜和生菜为模式作物开展盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究巯基化坡缕石对碱性土壤镉污染的快速钝化修复效应。结果表明：巯基化坡缕石在应用剂量为0.1%~0.3%（m/m）时可以使生育期内青菜地上部镉含量降低81.44%~93.44%,根系镉含量降低68.47%~85.63%,生菜地上部镉含量降低65.11%~92.18%,根系镉含量降低57.77%~91.92%。收获时可食部位镉含量满足国家食品卫生标准限量值要求,在极低的应用剂量下显著的钝化效应是其优势。巯基化坡缕石可使土壤DTPA浸提有效态镉含量降低68.57%~84.10%,钝化过程速度快,5 d左右达到平衡,可以用二级动力学拟合。连续浸提形态分析显示,巯基化坡缕石能够快速减少土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量,并显著提高易还原金属氧化物结合态镉含量,使镉由活泼态向不活泼态转化,从而减少作物吸收累积。巯基化坡缕石同时抑制了青菜和生菜对镉的转运系数和生物累积系数,进一步降低了可食部位镉含量。研究表明巯基化坡缕石是一种在镉污染碱性土壤上具有快速钝化作用和良好应用潜力的高效钝化剂。     

注意力与多尺度特征融合的水培芥蓝花蕾检测

准确辨识水培芥蓝花蕾特征是区分其成熟度,实现及时采收的关键。该研究针对自然环境下不同品种与成熟度的水培芥蓝花蕾外形与尺度差异大、花蕾颜色与茎叶相近等问题,提出一种注意力与多尺度特征融合的Faster R-CNN水培芥蓝花蕾分类检测模型。采用InceptionV3的前37层作为基础特征提取网络,在其ReductionA、InceptionA和InceptionB模块后分别嵌入SENet模块,将基础特征提取网络的第2组至第4组卷积特征图通过FPN特征金字塔网络层分别进行叠加后作为特征图输出,依据花蕾目标框尺寸统计结果在各FPN特征图上设计不同锚点尺寸。对绿宝芥蓝、香港白花芥蓝及两个品种的混合数据集测试的平均精度均值mAP最高为96.5%,最低为95.9%,表明模型能实现不同品种水培芥蓝高准确率检测。消融试验结果表明,基础特征提取网络引入SENet或FPN模块对不同成熟度花蕾的检测准确率均有提升作用,同时融合SENet模块和FPN模块对未成熟花蕾检测的平均准确率AP为92.3%,对成熟花蕾检测的AP为98.2%,对过成熟花蕾检测的AP为97.9%,不同成熟度花蕾检测的mAP为96.1%,表明模型设计合理,能充分发挥各模块的优势。相比VGG16、ResNet50、ResNet101和InceptionV3网络,模型对不同成熟度花蕾检测的mAP分别提高了10.8%、8.3%、 6.9%和12.7%,检测性能具有较大提升。在召回率为80%时,模型对不同成熟度水培芥蓝花蕾检测的准确率均能保持在90%以上,具有较高的鲁棒性。该研究结果可为确定水培芥蓝采收期提供依据。     

Analysis of amino acid uptake and translocation in Arabidopsis with a low‐cost hydroponic system

In soils, amino acids may be an important source of nitrogen for plants, at least in those where organic matter is not quickly degraded. The physiology of uptake of amino acids by roots was mainly studied in the 70's and 80's, before genes encoding amino acid importers were cloned in the 90's. While two families of amino acid transporters have been identified, yielding a total of about 100 genes, the role of each member is yet to be elucidated. As a tool for studying the role of amino acid transporters from Arabidopsis we set up a new hydroponic system suitable for radioisotope use. This system enables reproducible amino acid uptake by roots and estimation of the transport to the shoots of the amino acid taken up. We show that the rates of glutamine (Gln) uptake by wild‐type roots and transfer to the shoots were linear, and that other tested amino acids were translocated to the shoots with lower efficiency than Gln. A T‐DNA insertion mutant for a Gln exporter was compared to the wild‐type plants. Gln uptake and transfer were similar in both genotypes, showing that the suppression of the exporter did not affect uptake or transfer of amino acids to the shoots. The main advantage of the hydroponic system presented here is that all the materials used to grow Arabidopsis are virtually free and can therefore be discarded, a useful feature when working with radioactivity.