近似法计量施用有机肥料对培肥水稻土土壤的研究

用近似法计量施用有机肥培肥土壤,测定土壤有机质矿化率和农肥及作物根茬的腐殖化系数。5a试验结果表明,土壤有机质矿化率在轻壤质良水型水稻土上平均为2.44%,轻壤质滞水型水稻土上平均为1.39%。有机质的腐殖化系数:马粪为35%～40%;猪粪为28%～34%;水稻根茬为45%。根据上述结果,计算了有机肥的建议施肥量,该计算值在水稻土上基本符合生产实际情况。     

Absorption spectra of humic acids

For the purpose of explaining the forming process of soil humic acids, the author determined the absorption spectra of various humic acids. From soils and peats which were pretreated with 5% HCl at 70°C for 30 minutes or from those which were not, humic acids were extracted by treating with 0.5% NaOH at boiling temperature for 30 minutes. In these humic acids, the one which is extracted after acid pretreatment is provisionally designated as SrL humic acid and the other as L humic acid. The supernatant alkaline solutions obtained by centrifuging the above mentioned extracts were acidified with hydrochloric acid, and precipitated humic acids were filtered and washed with water until Cl' free. Humic acids were dissolved in 0.1% NaOH and ultrafiltered using collodion membrane. The filtrates were acidified with hydrochloric acid and humic acids were collected by centrifuging, transferred on the filter paper, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and water successively, then air-dried and pulverized.     

Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.     

生物炭对污泥-菌渣堆肥腐殖化与重金属钝化的影响

为探讨生物炭对市政污泥堆肥腐殖化和重金属钝化的影响,将市政污泥和菌渣按照湿质量比1:0.7进行混合,设置3个堆体进行好氧堆肥:处理组堆体分别添加混料干质量5%和10%的生物炭(记为BC5、BC10);对照组(CK)堆体不添加生物炭。结果表明:添加生物炭可延长高温时间,促进堆肥中富里酸向大分子胡敏酸转变,降低水溶性有机物含量,促进堆体腐熟。添加生物炭的堆体对重金属的钝化效果均优于CK组,BC5对可交换态Cu、Pb钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为78.12%、97.82%,BC10对可交换态Cr、Ni、Zn钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为66.64%、5.88%、19.76%;堆肥后Cu、Pb、Cr残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC10>BC5>CK,Ni、Zn残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC5>BC10>CK。Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn可交换态分配率均与水溶性有机物和富里酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与胡敏酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,添加生物炭有利于堆体腐殖化和重金属钝化,且两者存在相关性。     

关于我国现代农业发展中的有机肥问题

在化肥已成为肥料主体的背景下,讨论了中国现代农业发展中的有机肥问题。(1)有机肥的数量和质量。近几年来有机肥数量不断增加,每年有机肥资源量约40亿吨,但总体质量较差;(2)有机肥的产业化和商品化;(3)有机肥的矿质化和腐质化;(4)科学、高效地利用有机肥。     

里氏木霉利用玉米秸秆形成类胡敏酸（HAL）的特异性研究

为探明里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)在腐殖化过程中,不同培养时间下利用玉米秸秆得到的培养产物(HLS)的碱提取物——类胡敏酸(HAL)的结构特征是否具有与土壤胡敏酸相似的特异性,通过固体培养的方式模拟秸秆堆肥,在玉米秸秆中添加里氏木霉进行为期30 d的腐殖化培养,并以灭菌后不添加微生物的处理作为对照,在培养的0、15、30 d采样观察研究。通过元素组成、红外光谱及差热的技术手段对里氏木霉利用玉米秸秆形成的类胡敏酸(HAL)进行分析,与土壤的胡敏酸(HA)比较观察其特异性。对比CK,在模拟腐殖化的过程中,接种里氏木霉可以显著改变其HAL的结构特征,其芳香性/脂族性的比例变化符合多酚学说。里氏木霉可以在30 d内将HAL的元素结构集中在O/C=0.528、H/C=1.322左右,与土壤HA的O/C值、H/C值差异缩减了71.08%、49.25%,使其更加接近土壤HA的结构特征。总体来看,里氏木霉在分解矿化玉米秸秆中纤维素和木质素的同时,可以有效促进玉米秸秆向腐殖质的转化,其形成的HAL的结构变化支持了多酚学说。里氏木霉培养下的HAL可随着腐殖化培养时间的增加,与土壤HA的结构特征差异持续缩小,逐渐具有特异性。     

人工腐殖化及产品在农业增产中的应用

腐殖质（humic substance,HS）作为农业生产中土壤养分组成的重要指标,在维护土壤地力、碳储存、植物营养及生态环境稳定性等方面具有重大战略意义。然而,由于HS的天然提取源不足,导致HS市场供给需求逐年攀升。鉴于木质素与HS的结构相似,能否采用人工腐殖化方法,精准调控大分子木质素的氧化分解或其小分子衍生物的自由基耦合,生成可媲美甚至超越商业HS作用和功效的类HS产品？该创造性思路对实现我国农业连续增产增收具有极大的经济价值和应用前景。本文简述了天然HS的结构特征和多功能属性,探讨了人工腐殖化的最新理念、方式和机理,对比了人工腐殖化产物与天然HS的差异性,并总结了人工腐殖化产品在农业实践中的潜在应用和价值,旨在为研究者攻克木质素及其衍生物人工腐殖化的科技瓶颈提供理论支撑和技术指导。     

Residual Nitrogen Effects in Organically Cultivated Beetroot Following a Harvested/Green Manured Grass-Clover Ley

ABSTRACT

The residual nitrogen (N) effect on beetroot following harvested grass-clover (H-ley) or corresponding twice-cut green manure (GM-ley) was compared with a barley control. The residual N at beetroot harvest, calculated as N in beetroot crop and mineral N in the 0–90 cm soil layer, was 83 kg ha^?1 for the GM-ley when barley was set to zero. The effect of GM-ley exceeded that of 3H-ley (3 harvests) by 74 kg N ha^?1 and 2H-ley (2 harvests) by 42 kg N ha^?1. Prediction of residual effects was studied using a model with a humification coefficient (hc) of 0.35 and another with different hc values for different plant materials. The former gave the best fit to observed data in regression analysis. The latter gave the best fit to observed data in absolute values. The residual N effect of GM biomass from summer cuttings corresponded to 40–70% of the potential effect.     

Bacteriological studies on the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in paddy soils

Anaerobes were isolated from both disrupted and undisrupted soil samples incubated under submerged condition. All isolates were divided into 9 groups based on their gram stain and morphological characteristics. Correlation coefficients between the amount of nitrogen mineralized and the number of each group were calculated. A significant correlation was observed only between the amount of nitrogen mineralized and the number of gram positive-rod shaped anaerobic microorganisms (r=0.768 at P=0.05). This result indicates that in this study system, sorne particular anaerobes may play an important role in the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen.