馥郁滇丁香‘香妃’成花过程的主要内源物质变化特点

目的 研究‘香妃’成花过程中主要内源物质的变化特点,为人工调控花期提供理论依据。 方法 选取了非诱导光周期下营养生长期（S1）以及诱导光周期下未分化期（S2）、总苞原基分化期（S3）、花序原基分化期（S4）、小花原基分化期（S5）5个时期的顶芽,分别测定可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、生长素（IAA）、玉米素（ZT）、脱落酸（ABA）、赤霉素（GA3）的含量,并且以非诱导光周期为对照,分析诱导光周期下各种内源物质在成花过程中的作用。 结果 GA3因含量极低,在5个时期中都未能检测出;可溶性糖、ZT的含量以及可溶性糖/可溶性蛋白比值在非诱导光周期的营养生长期均达最高,并且随发育进程的推进逐渐降低;可溶性蛋白的含量在营养生长期处于中等水平,未分化期、花序原基分化期达最高,总苞原基分化期、小花原基分化期达最低;IAA含量在非诱导光周期的营养生长期达最高,虽在诱导光周期的花序原基分化期有所回升,但其水平仍低于营养生长期;ABA含量以及ABA/ZT在非诱导光周期的营养生长期达最低,随发育进程的推进持续升高,并在小花原基分化期降低;ABA/IAA随发育进程推进持续升高;ZT/IAA在总苞原基分花期之前急剧升高,之后,又急剧下降并维持在低于营养生长期的水平之下。 结论 相对于非诱导光周期,‘香妃’在诱导光周期下内源ABA、ABA/IAA、ABA/ZT维持在较高水平,以及可溶性糖、IAA、ZT、可溶性糖/可溶性蛋白维持在较低水平有利于成花;ZT/IAA维持在较高水平有利于成花的生理分化,而维持在较低水平则有利于成花的形态分化。     

NaCl胁迫对三种胡颓子属植物幼苗活性氧清除酶与渗透调节物质含量的影响

为研究胡颓子属植物的耐盐性,以三种胡颓子属植物一年生幼苗为材料,在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫(0,50、100、200、300和350 mmol/L)处理30 d后,测定其叶片的膜脂过氧化产物、活性氧清除酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果显示,在NaCl胁迫下,三种胡颓子属植物叶片的膜透性、MDA和H2O2含量均随NaCl浓度的升高而增加,表明NaCl胁迫致使胡颓子属植物膜脂过氧化程度加强,细胞膜稳定性受到破坏,其中东方沙枣的膜透性和MDA含量增加幅度较大,受到的盐害较大.而三种胡颓子属植物经受30 d盐胁迫后,其叶片中活性氧清除酶的活性变化似乎存在着不同的特性,在盐胁迫下除东方沙枣叶片SOD活性比对照低以外,其余的活性氧清除酶的活性始终高于对照,但变化幅度不一致;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着胁迫程度的加重而不断增加,其中尖果沙枣叶片中的脯氨酸含量成倍增长,且可溶性蛋白含量缓慢增加,而大果沙枣与东方沙枣叶片可溶性蛋白含量先减后增的趋势.总之,NaCl胁迫下三种胡颓子属植物幼苗各项指标变化幅度的综合比较,尖果沙枣相对大果沙枣和东方沙枣显示较强的耐盐能力.     

球毛壳中抗真菌物质对树皮腐烂病菌的抑制作用

[目的]阐明球毛壳中抗真菌物质对树皮腐烂病菌的抑制作用机制。[方法]通过平板对峙培养、发酵液萃取、薄层层析分离和抑菌活性测定等方法,研究毛白杨内生真菌球毛壳ND35产生的抗真菌物质对树皮腐烂病菌的抑制作用。[结果]球毛壳ND35的抗真菌物质粗提物对杨树和苹果树腐烂病菌有较强的抑制作用,对2种病菌的菌丝生长抑制率分别是66.4%和72.6%。对分生孢子萌发的抑制率分别是92.2%和80.4%。薄层层析分离和活性测定结果证明,抗真菌物质2号组分在对树皮腐烂病菌的抑菌过程中起主要作用。[结论]球毛壳中抗真菌物质对于树皮腐烂病有生物防治潜力。     

花绒寄甲对高温胁迫的适应能力及生理响应

商品化天敌昆虫在我国不同区域释放可能受到极端温度的影响和制约.花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)是松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope等蛀干害虫的重要天敌之一,具有良好的应用前景,但其在我国南方应用时控害效果常不稳定.以商品化花绒寄甲成虫为研究对象,并以...     

稻渔综合种养的科学范式

探讨不同养殖模式下金背鲤 (Cyprinus carpio var. Jinbei) 肠道菌群和鱼肉风味品质差异,对金背鲤的繁殖优化具有重要意义。采用高通量测序技术对稻田放养和池塘养殖模式下金背鲤的肠道微生物进行测序,利用液相色谱和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用 (HS-SPME-GC-IMS) 技术测定其滋味物质、挥发性风味化合物,结合感觉阈值计算滋味活性值和相对气味活度值。结果显示：两种养殖模式的金背鲤肠道细菌群落结构差异显著,稻田放养 (FGF) 组以弧菌 (Vibrio)、拟杆菌 (Bacteroides)、交替单胞菌 (Alteromonadales)、希瓦氏菌 (Shewanella)、嗜冷假单胞菌 (Pseudomonas psychrophile) 和Brevinema属为主,池塘养殖 (FGP) 组以莫拉克斯氏菌 (Moraxella) 和克雷伯菌属 (Klebsiella) 为主;FGF组中鲜味肌苷酸含量及其滋味活性值 (1.676 g·kg⁻¹, 6.705) 远高于FGP组 (0.246 g·kg⁻¹, 0.985),FGF组鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸含量 (0.143和2.052 g·kg⁻¹) 高于FGP组 (0.109和2.001 g·kg⁻¹),而其苦味氨基酸 (3.193 g·kg⁻¹) 却低于FGP组 (3.836 g·kg⁻¹);金背鲤的挥发性化合物组分复杂,其关键气味化合物 (ROAV≥1) 和对整体风味有修饰作用的化合物 (0.1≤ROAV<1) 的种类存在差异。菌属与风味物质的相关性分析显示弧菌属、拟杆菌属、克雷伯菌属和摩根菌属 (Morganella) 与风味物质呈显著相关 (0.01≤P<0.05 & 0.001≤P<0.01 & P<0.001)。研究表明,养殖模式影响了金背鲤的肠道微生物,并间接影响了其风味品质。     

Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems

We investigated the varying concentrations of bound amino acids in humic acids (HA) extracted from soils under both crop rotation and continuous cropping of rye. The experiment was created in 1957. Since then, winter rye had been grown continuously and also the sequence of the 7 yr rotation had been started: potato, spring barley, alfalfa, alfalfa, oil seed rape, winter rye, and winter rye. Soils were fertilized with NPK and manure. Continuous cropping of rye increased total acidity of soils and the contents of carboxylic and phenolic groups in HA. The total amounts of the bound amino acids in HA from soils under crop rotation were higher than from continuous cropping of rye. Fertilization with NPK increased the contents of bound amino acids more than manure. Neutral amino acids dominated in all samples of HA, and basic amino acids had the lowest concentrations. In both types of cultivation, glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, valine, and lysine dominated. The proline contents in HA from continuous rye cropping were higher than in HA from soils under crop rotation. The concentrations of β‐alanine and lysine were higher in HA from crop rotation indicating a higher microbial biomass since these compounds are typical constituents of bacteria cell walls.     

Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.     

Silicon effects on aluminum toxicity to mungbean seedling growth

The effects of silicon (Si) on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings were studied in a growth chamber. Mungbean seedlings were grown in a nutrient solution with combinations of three concentrations of Si (0,1, and 10 mM) and three concentrations of Al (0, 2, and 5 mM) in randomized completely block design experiments for 16 days. Silicon at 1 mM in the solution decreased root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content, and showed no significant effect on epicotyl length and seedling height, and protein contents of shoots or roots in mungbean seedling under no Al stress. But, Si at 10 mM showed marked toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth and increased protein contents of the shoots or roots. In contrast, under 2 mM Al stress, Si addition at 1 mM had significant increasing effect on root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content. It also had decreasing effect on protein contents of the shoots or roots, and had no effect on epicotyl length and seedling height. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed no effect on morphological and physiological measurements of mungbean seedling. However, Si at 1 mM added to solution only increased seedling height, epicotyl length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content, but decreased dry weight and protein content of the roots under 5 mM Al stress, significantly. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed similar toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth under 5 mM Al stress to that under no Al stress.     

Fate of humic acids isolated from natural humic substances

Composition of humic acids (HA) is a function of plant-derived inputs, degradation processes regulated by microorganisms, organo-mineral interactions and age. Characterization of different origin humic substances is important for evaluation of their contribution to stabile and labile carbon pool in the environment. The relative abundance of chemical components in HA isolated from soils, compost, commercial lignohumates, alginite, acadiane and lignite was studied with aim to quantify content of important biomarkers such as amino acid, lipids and polyphenols. HA were considered as a heterogeneous complex and high concentration of peptides, polyphenols and lipids was determined in acadian-HA to compare with soil-HA. Compost-HA contained much more amino acids to compare with soil-HA samples. Alginite-HA and lignite-HA were similar in biomarkers content to soil-HA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that chemical composition and functional groups content differs with the origin, humification degree and the age of studied samples. Soil-HA are typically composed of a variety of ?OH, COOH?, C–O, C–H₂, (aliphatic and aromatic) groups, quinines, lignin fragments, polysaccharide, monosaccharide and proteins fragments, which are linked together by ?O?, ?NH?, ?H=, >C=O, metal ions and –S? groups. ¹³C NMR spectroscopy showed that aromatic carbon content was the highest in lignite-HA and soil-HA.     

不同货架期西番莲果实香气成分变化研究

以西番莲为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对紫香一号、台农一号西番莲果实在4℃下恒温货架期1、14 d香气物质种类进行分析与鉴定,采用面积归一化法分析各香气物质相对含量,测定不同货架期西番莲果实香气物质成分变化,为西番莲贮藏保鲜提供科学依据。结果表明：不同货架期西番莲果实的香气物质种类、相对含量及香味存在差异,紫香一号西番莲货架1 d时,香气物质种类有25种,相对含量67.50%,乙酸乙酯是主要香气物质,呈现淡淡草香味,货架14 d时,香气物质种类有43种,相对含量92.14%,丁酸己酯、己酸己酯是主要香气物质,呈现苹果、蔬菜、草和肥皂的复杂香味;台农一号西番莲货架1 d时,香气物质种类有37种,相对含量89.32%,丁酸乙酯、丁酸己酯是主要香气物质,呈现菠萝、苹果、肥皂香味,货架14 d时,香气物质种类有43种,相对含量95.16%,己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯是主要香气物质,呈现菠萝、香蕉味。西番莲果实在货架14 d时香气物质种类和相对含量及香味更为丰富。该研究可为西番莲果实的加工开发利用提供一定的参考。