The effects of maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation on the location and abundance of hexose and cationic amino acid transporters in beef heifer uteroplacental tissues

We hypothesized that maternal nutrition during the first 50 d of gestation would influence the abundance of hexose transporters, SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC2A5, and cationic amino acid transporters, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2, in heifer uteroplacental tissues. Angus-cross heifers (n = 43) were estrus synchronized, bred via artificial insemination, and assigned at breeding to 1 of 2 dietary intake groups (CON = 100% of requirements to achieve 0.45 kg/d of BW gain or RES = 60% of CON intake) and ovariohysterectomized on day 16, 34, or 50 of gestation (n = 6 to 9/d) in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Uterine cross-sections were collected from the horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, sectioned at 5 µm, and stained via immunofluorescence for transporters. For each image, areas of fetal membrane (FM; chorioallantois), luminal epithelium (ENDO), superficial glands (SG), deep glands (DG), and myometrium (MYO) were analyzed separately for relative intensity of fluorescence as an indicator of transporter abundance. Analysis of FM was only conducted for days 34 and 50. No transporters in target areas were influenced by a day × treatment interaction (P ≥ 0.06). In ENDO, all transporters were differentially abundant from days 16 to 50 of gestation (P ≤ 0.04), and SLC7A2 was greater (P = 0.05) for RES vs. CON. In SG, SLC7A1 and SLC7A2 were greater (P ≤ 0.04) at day 34 vs. day 16. In DG, SLC2A3 and SLC7A1 were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CON vs. RES heifers; furthermore, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) at day 50 vs. days 16 and 34 of gestation. In MYO, SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES and was greater (P = 0.02) at days 34 and 50 vs. day 16. There were no differences in FM (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of all uterine tissues at day 16 determined that SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC7A2 were all differentially abundant across uterine tissue type (P < 0.01), and SLC7A1 was greater (P = 0.02) for CON vs. RES. Analysis of all uteroplacental tissues at days 34 and 50 demonstrated that all transporters differed (P < 0.01) across uteroplacental tissues, and SLC7A1 was greater (P < 0.01) for CON vs. RES. These data are interpreted to imply that transporters are differentially affected by day of gestation, and that hexose and cationic amino acid transporters are differentially abundant across utero-placental tissue types, and that SLC7A1 is responsive to maternal nutritional treatment.     

含糖类物料的喷雾干燥

从玻璃态转变温度着手,分析了在喷雾干燥中含有不同品种糖类物料粘壁的原因,提出了改性或在设计干燥流程时的6种应对方法。     

对蜂蜜中主要抗褐变因子的探讨

选用ＡＧ５０Ｗ－Ｘ８阳离子交换树脂，并以批处理的方式，成功地将蜂蜜中的肽类物质与其它组合得到了分离。抗褐变实验结果清楚地表明，蜂蜜中的肽类成分完全没有抑制褐变的活性。这与以前的报道截然不同。     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

山东苹果中可溶性糖,有机酸的研究

本文报导了用高效液相色谱法连续两年测定山东主要栽培苹果总糖含量为８．９２％－１２．５６％。其中果糖含量为５．４４％，葡萄糖含量为２．８２％，蔗糖含量为１．９５％，决定品种差异的糖类为蔗糖，有机酸含量为０．７６％－０．９３％，其中苹果酸约占总酸８４％，其余为琥珀酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸、柠檬酸。研究了气候、土壤条件、肥料对糖酸的影响，并根据测定结果提出鉴定苹果品系可用果糖／蔗糖或葡萄糖／蔗糖，果实品质     

甘蔗蔗汁锤度和还原糖分傅立叶变换近红外定量分析数学模型

以傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术为基础，采用透射测定方式和PLS算法，建立蔗汁锤度和还原糖分定量分析数学模型．蔗汁锤度和还原糖分预测数学模型的决定系数(R^2)分别为0．9990和0．9953，均方根差分别为0．1150％和0．0722％，预测误差接近常规分析方法的误差．     

质子对植物蔗糖转运蛋白和己糖转运蛋白活性的调节

蔗糖是植物体内进行长距离运输的主要营养物质和信号分子。蔗糖转运蛋白和己糖转运蛋白是蔗糖从源到库的运输过程中的重要参与者。质子不仅通过形成质子动子势为蔗糖和己糖逆浓度梯度跨膜转运提供动力,还调节它们的活性,从而影响蔗糖的运输和分配。该文总结了质子对蔗糖转运蛋白的调节和质子对己糖转运蛋白活性及功能的调节,并加以展望。     

冬小麦叶茎粒可溶性糖含量变化及其与籽粒淀粉积累的关系

在池栽条件下研究了鲁麦22和鲁麦14两个冬小麦品种旗中、倒二茎、籽粒糖含量及籽粒淀粉积累速率的变化。结果表明，小麦叶片可溶性糖和蔗糖含量在开花后15－20d出现高峰；茎可溶性总糖、蔗糖和果聚糖含量变化呈单峰曲线，最高含量亦出现在花后15－20d，而籽粒可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在灌浆期呈下降趋势，花后20d至成熟期各器官糖含量与籽粒淀粉积累密切相关。     

Effects of late planting on fiber quality and within-boll yield components as mediated by sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of late planting on sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls and the relationship to fiber properties and within-boll yield components. Two cotton lines A201 and A705 were employed in a sowing date experiment where two temperature regimes during boll maturation period were created at mean daily temperature of 26.8°C, 28.3°C for early planting and 25.2°C, 23.1°C for late planting in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Boll size, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage was decreased by late planting. Greater cell wall invertase activity and the resultant hexose concentration in fibers were observed in late planting, and thus led to decreased osmotic potential accounting for the enhanced fiber length. Similarly, late planting increased the maximum of vacuolar invertase activity in ovules occurring at 5 days post anthesis (DPA) and hexose concentrations in embryos from 10 DPA afterwards which may favor embryo cell division, and thus increase final seed size. Our data indicate that acid invertase and hexose are implicated in the formation of within-boll yield components and fiber properties as affected by the lower temperature regime due to late planting.