Hazard tree liability in the United States: Uncertain risks for owners and professionals

The liability United States (U.S.) tree owners face from hazardous trees on their private properties has and continues to undergo a transformation. The traditional common law legal test focused upon whether a tree owner had acted to create a hazardous condition on the property. The modern trend is towards a test that imposes greater responsibility and greater uncertainty on tree owners and arborists. Abandoning the natural/artificial distinction, the modern test, adopted in half the U.S. jurisdictions, imposes general principles of negligence on tree owners. This paper discusses the U.S. legal context for hazardous trees, particularly the impacts on individual tree owners. It closes by addressing various practical means to minimize the risks associated with the modern legal standards, both for susceptible tree owners, and for professionals assessing the subject property.     

The Impact of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Extraction Method on the Co-Extraction of Trace Metals from Fucus vesiculosus

In recent years, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have been widely investigated for the extraction of food and medicinal plants as well as seaweeds. However, the ability of NADES for trace elements co-extraction from natural sources is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of common NADES for trace elements co-extraction from Fucus vesiculosus. All of the tested NADES did not recover As and Co (concentration <LOQ). Moreover, all of the tested NADES provided a low recovery (<9%) of Ba, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn. The method of extraction had not shown a statistically significant effect on the co-extraction of all elements (excluding Ba and Ca). In contrast, the water content in NADES was significantly affected on the recovery of Ba, Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, and Zn. The recovery of Al and Cr was relatively high and considerably varied (from 1.5 to 59.9%). NADES comprising lactic acid:glucose:H₂O (5:3:1) provided the lowest contents of all elements, and the highest extracted amounts were obtained employing water contents of 60–80%. The calculated daily intake of all the elements contained in NADES extracts were less than the daily dose risk estimators. The hazard quotients, hazard indexes, and carcinogenic risk calculated for all trace elements and their combination were considerably less than 1. This evidences no health risk, and carcinogenic risk after topical application of all studied NADES. For the first time, the results of the current study demonstrated that NADES extracts of F. vesiculosus contain a lower amount of trace metals and are safer than the extracts obtained with water and 70% acetone. This indicates a significant advantage for NADES compared with the other solvents.     

黄曲霉毒素危害、检测方法及生物降解研究进展

黄曲霉毒素(AF)是由某些真菌产毒菌株产生的次生代谢产物,具有极强的毒性.论文介绍了黄曲霉毒素对畜禽的危害以及薄层色谱(TLC)检测法、高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测法、酶联免疫(ELISA)检测法和放射免疫(RIA)检测法等检测方法,并对黄曲霉毒素生物降解的研究概况做一综述.     

某水库建设项目地质灾害危险性评估

通过野外调查、室内分析研究了评估区的地质环境条件,主要包括环境地质、水文地质和工程地质;结合建设项目可行性研究报告、岩土工程勘察报告,对某水库建设项目地质灾害危险性进行了现状评估、预测评估以及综合性分区评估;对拟建场地进行了适宜性评价,并提出了地质灾害防治措施。     

海城地区杨树烂皮病的突发原因及其对策

辽宁省海城地区2011年突发的杨树烂皮病,危害严重,面积达2549hm2,阐述了杨树烂皮病发生危害情况,分析了突发原因,提出了防治对策。     

《家禽屠宰检疫规程》中有关问题分析

《家禽屠宰检疫规程》在规范家禽的屠宰检疫,加强家禽产品的检疫活动管理,保障动物源食品安全方面发挥了重要作用。本文概述了《家禽屠宰检疫规程》关于家禽屠宰场所定义、规程适用动物、检疫对象、检疫合格标准的判定等方面存在的问题,特别是针对家禽产品入库贮藏后才出厂如何出具检疫合格证明,提出可采取贮藏后继续调运或分销的检疫方式出具检疫证明这一解决方案。这提示在今后工作中扩大屠宰检疫的适用范围及检疫对象,进一步修订和完善屠宰检疫规程,提升屠宰检疫技术水平。     

四川省泸定县磨西台地地质灾害遥感监测研究

利用多时相,多平台卫星遥感数据,对四川省泸定县磨西台地的地质灾害开展了遥感监测.研究了地质灾害的发展演化趋势,判定了地质灾害的稳定性,为磨西台地的地质灾害防治提供了科学依据.遥感监测显示,自2006年1月2日至2009年12月21日的近4 a,磨西台地内无新发生泥石流和崩塌灾害,原已发生的泥石流和崩塌也未见明显复发,泥石流处于停歇期,崩塌处于稳定状态.大部分滑坡处于稳定状态,只有1处新发生的滑坡还在发展之中,处于不稳定状态,存在进一步发展的可能,需进一步加强监测.磨西台地岸坡的冲蚀滑塌和浅层流滑则一直在持续发展,对磨西台地岸坡的稳定构成威胁,并造成磨西台地面积的缩小,需要及时治理.     

基于GIS的北京地区生态风险评价

生态风险评价是目前环境科学领域的研究重点,而水土流失问题是造成生态风险的主要因素.以生态风险评估理论研究为基础,将该体系按照生态危险性、生态重要性和生态易损性3部分进行分析,以北京市的遥感影像为数据源,同时结合GIS手段,选取多指标,综合分析北京生态风险等级分布,并对各指标因素进行打分,最终得到北京地区生态风险评估图.结果表明:在人口密集区域,由于其与人类活动息息相关,有较高的生态风险等级;总体上看,北京山区北部的生态风险等级要高于南部,西部要高于东部;具有相同生态风险等级的各区域主要风险源不同,但总体上相近地区的主要风险源相同.基于早期的生态风险评估理论,将水土流失问题作为研究重点,克服传统的单因子评价、综合指数评价和生态风险指数评价的不足,构建一种新的生态风险评估方法,为生态风险评估提供参考依据.     

HACCP系统在曲霉型豆豉生产中的应用

豆豉是一种以大豆为原料,经蒸煮、制曲、发酵等工艺过程而制成的中国传统发酵食品。为控制豆豉生产的品质,保障产品的安全性,将HACCP原理应用到曲霉型豆豉加工生产中,对其生产过程进行危害分析,确定原料控制、清洗消毒、制曲、发酵为关键控制点,并制定相应HACCP计划表。     

基于不同空间插值的污染场地土壤锑修复范围预测研究

以污染场地土壤锑超标地层为研究对象,结合土壤每层锑含量的分布特点,分析和比较了克里格插值模型(OK、UK)、反距离插值(IDW)、泰森多边形(TIN)和分区预测模型(OK+TIN)对不同深度土壤锑修复范围及预测精度的差异。结果表明：各方法确定的0～1 m地层修复面积大小顺序为IDW>OK=UK> TIN>OK+TIN,修复面积依次为74 154、57 427、37 338、32 707 m²;各方法确定的1～3.8 m地层修复面积大小顺序为IDW>UK>TIN>OK+TIN>OK,修复面积依次为13 089、11 030、9 660、2 183、1 231 m²,克里格插值带来的平滑作用导致超标范围的遗漏和未超标区域纳入修复范围。在受成本和污染物空间分布制约的情况下,TIN方法从几何原理的角度可以较为准确地反映不同深度土壤锑的修复范围;克里格插值(包括OK+TIN方法)和反距离插值受数据分布假设的约束,平滑效应明显,估计精度受限。