Rural depopulation and recent landscape changes in a Mediterranean region: Consequences to the breeding avifauna

We studied the vegetational and avifaunistic changes following rural depopulation in an area covering 2,600 ha north of Montpellier (Southern France). The study area is covered by a mosaic of Mediterranean habitats that includes cultivation, grasslands, shrublands, and woodlands and is representative of the natural features present and of the human usage practiced so far in this part of the Mediterranean. We sampled the vegetation and the bird fauna in the same 193 census plots in 1978 and in 1992. At both the habitat and landscape scales the cover of woody plants increased significantly. Open habitats tend to disappear. As a consequence the abundance of open-habitat bird species decreased significantly whereas the abundance of forest birds increased significantly. These changes favor a pool of forest species widespread in western Europe and reduce habitat availability for open habitat and shrubland species. Many of the latter are Mediterranean species whose distribution in Western Europe could become reduced under current landscape dynamics. Our observation of more woodlands and their typical birds and of less open habitats and their associated avifauna is not consistent with the traditional worry shown by the public and the managers about the regression of forests and woodlands in the Northern Mediterranean as a consequence of fire.     

基于“3S”技术的辽宁省某尾矿库扩容工程生态影响预测与评价

以辽宁省某尾矿库为例,基于GIS技术,利用2010年的TM遥感影像及地形图,预测该尾矿库扩容后的生态影响。分析结果显示:尾矿库扩容工程对生态的影响主要体现在土地利用、植被、生态景观和地形地貌的变化4个方面。     

王家沟小流域50a土地利用动态变化分析

以经过50多a水土保持综合治理的王家沟小流域为研究对象,利用其1959—2008年土地利用数据,对该流域土地利用动态变化进行分析。结果表明,调整土地利用结构是王家沟小流域水土保持综合治理的一项关键性措施。     

Application of Attribute Reduct Method in Spatial Load Forecasting

Spatial load forecasting is a process distributing the total forecasted load to all partitioned area, and involving more spatial information and more factor influencing application of the future small area, which need a great deal of memory space and longer operation time. Rough set is new method of data analysis. It need not be provided with any advanced information except data set. But attribute reduct is its main algorithms. Division matrix approach on rough set used to reduce the attribute related to land - use decision in order to remove redundancy attribute and then the rules of small area land - use decision is distilled. The method obtained better effect and enhanced the total load forecasting efficiency.     

三峡库区土壤侵蚀经济损失估算

运用环境经济学的理论与方法,计算了三峡库区不同时空,不同土地利用结构下的土壤侵蚀经济损失,并分析了土壤侵蚀经济损失的动态变化规律及其与土地利用结构之间的关系。结果表明:1988,2000和2007年三峡库区土壤侵蚀经济损失总量分别为98.21,99.37和87.99亿元。其中养分经济损失最大,分别占当年库区土壤侵蚀总经济损失的87.44%,88.29%,88.02%。在不同土地利用方式中,耕地经济损失最大;单位面积经济损失以灌草地最大,林地最小。土壤侵蚀经济损失存在空间差异性,云阳县和开县的土壤侵蚀经济损失最大,长寿县最小;单位面积的经济损失以云阳县、武隆县和开县最大,这些区域也是今后土壤侵蚀的重点治理的区域,而夷陵区的单位面积经济损失最小。     

50年来黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域土地利用动态变化及其驱动力分析

 以经过50多年水土流失综合治理的黄土高塬沟壑区西峰杨家沟小流域为研究对象,通过遥感影像解译并结合实地调查还原的6期土地利用图,根据土地利用面积变化及土地利用转移概率矩阵,对杨家沟小流域50多年来的土地利用动态变化进行分析。结果表明:1)杨家沟小流域1954—2008年土地利用变化总的趋势是林地面积大幅增加,未利用地面积大幅减少,牧草地、园地、居民点及工矿用地也有不同程度的增加;2)土地利用变化的主要方向为未利用地向林地转化,耕地、牧草地、居民点及工矿用地面积的增加也主要来自未利用地的开发利用,园地主要由耕地转化而来;3)政策变动、经济发展及人口增长在土地利用变化中起了重要的驱动作用。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物可溶性有机碳含量和分布

研究了三江平原3种土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布,探讨了3种土地利用方式对沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布的影响。结果表明,三江平原沟渠系统虽然都是在湿地的基础上开挖而成,但是分散于3种土地利用方式下的沟渠沉积物DOC含量及其分布发生了明显变化。湿地开垦为农田利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积,水田和旱田相比,旱田更有利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积;沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布随土地利用方式不同发生了明显的变化,穿过型沟渠和边界沟渠相比,边界沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布显示出更强的沉积特点。挖沟排水和土地开垦耕作,不仅导致大量DOC向沟渠迁移并沉积在沟渠中,而且最终导致不同沟渠沉积物中DOC的含量和分布产生了明显的差异性。     

稻田转为菜地初始阶段温室气体排放特征

【目的】近年来,随着我国社会经济的快速发展和人们生活水平的提高及膳食结构的改善,越来越多的稻田被转为蔬菜种植,影响了土壤碳氮转化过程及其引起的温室气体排放。因此有必要探究稻田转为蔬菜种植,特别是该土地利用方式转变初始阶段的温室气体（CH₄和N₂O）排放特征及其关键影响因素。【方法】试验选取了长期种植水稻的双季稻田,将其中一部分转为蔬菜种植,另一部分继续种植水稻,每个处理设置了3个重复,按照当地常规模式进行管理。采用静态暗箱—气相色谱法连续3年进行田间原位观测,比较分析稻田和由稻田转变的菜地CH₄和N₂O排放特征及其年际变化差异,明确稻田转为菜地初始阶段CH₄和N₂O排放的关键影响因素。【结果】稻田是重要的CH₄排放源,其第一年的排放强度（183.91 kg CH₄-C·hm^-2?a^-1）明显低于后续两年（241.56—371.50 kg CH₄-C·hm^-2?a^-1）,这主要归功于后两年降雨量的增加引起了土壤水分含量的升高。稻田转为菜地显著减少了CH₄排放,减少量相当于稻田CH₄年累积排放量的83%—100%。菜地第一年的CH₄累积排放量（31.22 kg CH₄-C·hm^-2）显著高于第二年（0.45 kg CH₄-C·hm^-2）和第三年（0.89 kg CH₄-C·hm^-2）,表明稻田转菜地对CH₄排放的影响具有时间滞后效应。稻田是弱的N₂O排放源（1.35—3.49 kg N₂O-N·hm^-2?a^-1）,其转为菜地显著增强了N₂O排放。菜地第一年的N₂O累积排放量（95.12 kg N₂O-N·hm^-2）显著高于第二年（38.28 kg N₂O-N?hm^-2）和第三年（40.07 kg N₂O-N·hm^-2）。菜地土壤异养呼吸对N₂O排放的影响在第一年明显高于第二、三年,表明稻田转为蔬菜种植的第一年,有机质矿化对N₂O排放有重要贡献。在100年尺度CO₂当量下,稻田转为蔬菜种植第一和第二年的综合增温潜势（GWP）相对于稻田分别显著增加了390%和98%,主要是由于增加的N₂O增温潜势超过了减少的CH₄增温潜势。但是,稻田转为菜地的第三年,菜地的GWP（(16.72±3.25) Mg CO₂-eq·hm^-2）与稻田（(14.84±1.39) Mg CO₂-eq·hm^-2）相比无显著差异,主要是由于减少的CH₄ 增温潜势完全抵消了增加的N₂O增温潜势。这些研究结果表明稻田转菜地对GWP的影响主要集中在该土地利用方式转变的第一年。【结论】稻田转为菜地显著减少了CH₄排放,增加了N₂O排放,增强了菜地第一和第二年的综合增温潜势。有机质矿化过程对新转菜地第一年较高的N₂O排放有重要贡献。这些研究结果表明了评价土地利用方式转变初始阶段温室气体排放特征的重要性,便于及时采取有效管理措施缓解温室气体排放,实现环境友好型农业可持续生产。     

土地利用方式的改变对土壤呼吸及土壤微生物生物量的影响

土壤呼吸释放的CO2与土壤微生物生物量碳是全球碳循环中最为活跃的部分.作者对南京林业大学下蜀实习林场内天然次生栎林、马尾松人工林、毛竹林、板栗经济林和农田5种土地利用类型的土壤呼吸速率及土壤微生物生物量进行了测定,并分析了土地利用方式和各种土壤理化性质对土壤呼吸速率及土壤微生物生物量的影响.研究结果表明:①在5种不同土地利用类型中,农田的土壤呼吸速率显著大于马尾松林、栎林和毛竹林;板栗经济林的土壤呼吸速率显著大于毛竹林和马尾松林;其他各土地利用类型之间的土壤呼吸速率均无显著性差异.②在5种不同土地利用类型中,马尾松林的土壤微生物生物量显著小于农田、板栗经济林和毛竹林;农田的土壤微生物生物量显著大于栎林;其他各土地利用类型之间的土壤微生物生物量均无显著差异.③土壤呼吸速率与土壤微生物生物量、土壤温度(尤其是5cm深土壤温度)、土壤全钙含量、土壤全磷含量以及土壤碳氮比有显著相关关系;而与土壤全碳、全氮、土壤pH值等因子相关性不大.④土壤微生物生物量与土壤全钙含量、土壤全磷含量有显著相关关系;而与土壤pH值、土壤湿度等因子无显著相关关系.研究结果还表明:森林变为农田可能潜在地增加土壤CO2的释放;该地区土壤中磷的含量和有效性可能是限制土壤微生物生物量的重要因子.