Characterizing Spatial Variability of Soil Textural Fractions and Fractal Parameters Derived from Particle Size Distributions

Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental physical property affecting other soil properties. Characterizing spatial variability of soil texture is very important in environmental research. The objectives of this work were: 1) to partition PSD of 75 soil samples, collected from a flat field in the University of Guilan, Iran, into two scaling domains using a piecewise fractal model to evaluate the relationships between fractal dimensions of scaling domains and soil clay, silt, and sand fractions and 2) to assess the potential of fractal parameters as an index used in a geostatistical approach reflecting the spatial variability of soil texture. Features of PSD of soil samples were studied using fractal geometry, and geostatistical techniques were used to characterize the spatial variability of fractal and soil textural parameters. There were two scaling domains for the PSD of soil samples. The fractal dimensions of these two scaling domains (D₁ and D₂) were then used to characterize different ranges of soil particle sizes and their relationships to the soil textural parameters. There was a positive correlation between D₁ and clay content (R² = 0.924), a negative correlation between D₁ and silt content (R² = 0.801), and a negative correlation between D₂ and sand content (R² = 0.913). The geometric mean diameter of soil particles had a negative correlation with D₁ (R² = 0.569) and D₂ (R² = 0.682). Semivariograms of fractal dimensions and soil textural parameters were calculated and the maps of spatial variation of D₁ and D₂ and soil PSD parameters were provided using ordinary kriging. The results showed that there were also spatial correlations between D₁ and D₂ and particle size fractions. According to the semivariogram models and validation parameters, the fractal parameters had powerful spatial structure and could better describe the spatial variability of soil texture.     

某流域农田土壤-水稻系统重金属空间变异特征及生态健康风险评价

为探讨某流域农田土壤-水稻重金属污染状况、空间变异特征及生态健康风险,2017年9—11月期间陆续在该流域采集水稻籽粒样品以及对应水稻田土壤样品各938个,测定其Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr 5种重金属含量,并基于ArcGIS和SPSS对土壤和水稻籽粒中不同的重金属生态健康风险进行评价。结果表明:从研究区土壤和水稻籽粒的重金属空间变异与分布规律来看,Cd、Hg、As和Pb为中等空间自相关性,Cr空间相关性则较弱;水稻籽粒中5种重金属的空间相关性均较弱。流域耕层土壤5种重金属中除Cr外,其余含量均较高,并且在南部中心区域呈现一个明显的大斑块污染区,向四周平缓扩散;水稻籽粒中Cd和As风险较高,主要在流域沿岸地区。从研究区土壤-水稻重金属污染风险分布情况来看,不同区域的重金属风险存在明显差异。耕层土壤重金属风险指数跨度较大,处于轻微风险;水稻籽粒风险指数跨度较小,不同区域的水稻籽粒重金属风险差异不明显,有11个点位属于中等风险级别,其余属于轻微风险级别。     

烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum)总植物碱的时空变异规律研究

研究以2003~2005年我国烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum)主产省份C3F、B2F、X2F3个等级烟叶中的总植物碱含量为研究对象,研究总植物碱含量各等级年度间变化情况,利用地统计与GIS技术结合的方法研究区域内总植物碱的时间变化和空间分布特征。结果表明,各等级烟叶总植物碱含量年度间空间分布特征相似,均呈由北向南和由东向西方向递增的趋势,且有逐年降低趋势。     

盆周山地土地整理生态安全评价研究——以四川省雅安市上里镇为例

遵循压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型和指标选取一般原则,采用层次分析法拟定盆周山地土地整理生态安全评价指标体系,运用Delphi法筛选指标,最终建立盆周山地土地整理生态安全评价指标体系;运用主成分分析和ArcGIS地统计插值相结合的方法对研究区土地整理前后的生态安全进行评价。以四川省雅安市雨城区上里镇土地整理项目为例,进行土地整理前后生态安全评价,评价结果表明:研究区生态安全等级提高,土地整理前项目区92.62%生态安全等级为Ⅱ级,7.38%为Ⅲ级,土地整理后生态安全等级全处于Ⅱ级;研究区生态安全等级提高幅度不大,土地整理前最低分值非常接近Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级的阀值,土地整理后分值靠近Ⅱ级的下限;评价结果与实际相符。该评价指标体系和方法对四川盆地盆周山地土地整理生态安全评价具有一定的指导意义。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞集合体定量地震描述与地质建模

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层多样多期的地质成因和内部强烈的非均质性,使得常规建模手段难以应用于实际工作中。结合地质体特征和地震相,运用聚类分析技术实现缝洞集合体的几何结构建模;针对缝洞型碳酸盐岩测井资料少、储层内部结构复杂和非均质强的特征,将地质统计学地震反演技术用于储层岩相和孔隙度建模工作中,针对塔里木盆地典型区块缝洞集合体建立静态模型,实现其定量地震描述;进一步利用单井与井组内动态数据,修正缝洞体的规模、边界和连通性,研究成果指导了基于缝洞集合体井位的高效部署、高效开发工作。     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in the reversion process of desertification in arid areas

Sandy soils in arid,rain-fed environments have low and limited water content,which is a principal factor limiting vegetation development,and a key constraint controlling the structure and functions of the ecological systems in arid areas.The spatial heterogeneity of soil water content is a major soil property,and a focus of soil science and hydrology.On the southern edge of the Tengger Desert,sample plots were selected from mobile sand dunes in desertified lands that had been enclosed for 5,15 and 25 years,respectively.This study explored the dynamic and spatial heterogeneity of soil water content in these different layers of soil that were also in the reversion process of desertification.The results showed that the soil water content of the mobile sand dunes was highest when in the initial stages of the reversion process of desertification,while the soil water content in the 0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers of soil was 1.769%,3.011%,and 2.967% respectively,presenting a restoring tendency after 25 years of enclosure.There were significant differences,as a whole,in the soil water content among different restoration stages and different soil layers,respectively.Changes in soil water content,in different soil layers,at different restoration stages,exhibited exponential or spherical patterns.The spatial distribution of soil water content exhibited a mosaic patch pattern with obvious spatial heterogeneity.The ratio of the heterogeneity of spatial autocorrelation to gross spatial heterogeneity was greater than 50%.The gross spatial heterogeneity of the 0-20 cm layer of soil improved gradually,while those of the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers improved initially,then weakened in the reversion process of desertification.This study revealed that restoration with sand-binding vegetation reduced soil water content,and increased its spatial heterogeneity in arid areas.However,after 25 years of vegetation-soil system restoration,the soil water content started to increase and its spatial heterogeneity started to weaken.These results will further benefit the understanding of the ecological mechanism between soil water and sand-binding vegetation.     

南京江北地区菜地土壤有效态重金属的含量及空间分异特征

在南京市浦口和大厂的5大主要功能区（工业区、交通干线、居民区、蔬菜生产基地和风景区）内共采集了75个菜地表层土壤样品,以Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等典型污染重金属的有效态含量为基础,运用经典统计分析、主成分分析和地统计分析相结合的方法对菜地土壤重金属污染进行了评估。结果表明,菜地有效态Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的平均含量以交通干线沿线（宁六公路泰山新村-南信大段）最低,工业区（南钢或扬子石化）最高,其他功能区的均介于两者之间。主成分分析将菜地土壤有效态重金属大致分为农业源和工业、生活源。从功能区菜地土壤污染总得分排序结果可以看出,宁六公路沿线（泰山新村-南信大段）菜地土壤环境质量最高,以下依次是龙王山风景区、盘城蔬菜基地和盘城镇,老工业区的扬子石化和南钢周边菜地土壤环境质量较差。研究区内菜地土壤有效态Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的空间分布均具有中等强度空间相关性,不同有效态重金属在空间上具有明显的各向异性,其空间变异主要发生在北-南方向。有效态Pb的空间分布较离散,有效Cd、Cu和Zn的高值区大致都位于老工业区内。     

哈尼梯田生态系统地表水不同形态氮含量时空分布特征

为探讨哈尼梯田生态系统天人合一的水分和营养元素的利用模式,揭示哈尼梯田生态系统氮素时空变化规律,明确土地利用对氮浓度的影响,为哈尼梯田的水环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。以元阳县全福庄小流域为研究对象,应用Kriging空间插值法分析了该系统地表水氮素的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)除NO_3~--N浓度在夏季和冬季呈强变异外,其他N浓度在不同季节的变异系数均小于100%,表现为中等程度变异。(2)梯田中下部TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度变幅都较大,分别为0.103~0.849,0.010~0.143,0.052~0.446mg/L,森林地表水中TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度的变幅都相对较小,分别为0.108~0.471,0.003~0.102,0.058~0.164mg/L。(3)TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的块金系数均小于50%,各季节均有较强的空间自相关性。TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的变程均在1 000m以内,表明各指标各个季节分别在不同尺度范围内分布连续,存在空间自相关性。(4)通过Kriging插值法得知,不同季节TN、NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N地表水浓度从整体上为村庄梯田河流森林的分布规律。     

岩溶地区不同土地利用方式下土壤斥水性的空间变化

以广西桂林市农业科学院大豆、甘蔗及梨树植被覆盖的土壤为例,研究不同土地利用模式下土壤斥水性的空间变化。通过对每个试验区面积为135 m×105 m的100个测量点应用滴水穿透时间法(water drop penetration time,WDPT)进行土壤斥水性测量,利用土壤含水量确定干旱(0.062±0.025)cm~3·cm~(-3)、中等(0.151±0.045)cm~3·cm~(-3)和湿润(0.237±0.086)cm~3·cm~(-3)的土壤水分条件。运用地统计方式,对土壤斥水性进行空间变化分析。结果表明:在干旱和湿润水分条件下,WDPT的大小均表现出梨树地最大,甘蔗地次之,大豆地最小,与土壤含水量和有机质大小的变化一致,但是在中等水分条件下,WDPT均值大豆地高于甘蔗地,同时3个试验区的滴水入渗持续时间都达到最大。土壤斥水性的地统计分析结果表明,在3种水分条件下,3个试验区的空间结构比基本上大于75%,空间相关性较强。在土壤斥水性的高阈值空间分布上,甘蔗地的稳定性比大豆地强,而梨树的空间分布稳定性最弱。研究结果说明人类的活动会对土壤斥水性空间稳定性产生干扰,但土壤本身仍具有恢复其空间分布稳定性的能力。     

环洞庭湖区稻田土壤中硅分布特征及其影响因素

[目的]研究环洞庭湖区稻田土壤中有效硅的空间分布特征及其变化规律,以期为环洞庭湖区精准农业的发展、农田的保养提供科学依据和实践指导。[方法]运用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法开展研究。[结果]环洞庭湖区土壤中有效硅的含量与水稻产量呈显著的正相关,硅是水稻生长所需的重要营养元素。环洞庭稻田土壤有效硅平均含量为155.1mg/kg,多集中于100~200mg/kg。有效硅含量变幅大,最低与最高含量相差27倍,在研究区域空间上呈中间高四周低,西北最低的分布格局。土壤有效硅具有较强的空间相关性,其空间变异主要受土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、成土母质等因素影响。[结论]硅在水稻生长发育中起着重要的作用。不同的土壤类型所处的自然地理环境不一样,土壤有效硅含量各异,土壤有效硅的丰缺程度受土壤成土母质的影响并与土壤pH值成显著的正相关。