鲤、团头鲂精子生理生态特性的研究──Ⅲ．单糖和渗透压对精子活力的影响

作者观察了鲤、团头鲂精子在０（去离子水）－３００毫渗渗透压的Ｄ－半乳糖，Ｄ－葡萄糖和Ｄ－果糖溶液中的活动情况。结果表明，在这三种单糖溶液里，鲤、团头鲂精子活动的变化规律是一致的。精子快速运动和寿命的时间是以在Ｄ－半乳糖溶液中为最长。这两种鱼精子对这三种单糖的吸收、利用存在差别。     

Anemia amelioration by lactose infusion during trypanosomosis could be associated with erythrocytes membrane de-galactosylation

African trypanosomosis is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by extracellular parasitic protists known as African trypanosomes. These parasites inhabit the blood stream of their mammalian hosts and produce a number of pathological features, amongst which is anemia. Etiology of the anemia has been partly attributed to an autoimmunity-like mediated erythrophagocytosis of de-sialylated red blood cells (dsRBCs) by macrophages. Lactose infusion to infected animals has proven effective at delaying progression of the anemia. However, the mechanism of this anemia prevention is yet to be well characterized. Here, the hypothesis of a likely induced further modification of the dsRBCs was investigated. RBC membrane galactose (RBC m-GAL) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured during the course of experimental trypanosomosis in mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense (stb 212). Intriguingly, while the membrane galactose on the RBCs of infected and lactose-treated mice (group D) decreased as a function of parasitemia, that of the lactose-untreated infected group (group C) remained relatively constant, as was recorded for the uninfected lactose-treated control (group B) animals. At the peak of infection, the respective cumulative percent decrease in PCV and membrane galactose were 30 and 185 for group D, and 84 and 13 for group C. From this observed inverse relationship between RBCs membrane galactose and PCV, it is logical to rationalize that the delay of anemia progression during trypanosomosis produced by lactose might have resulted from an induction of galactose depletion from dsRBCs, thereby preventing their recognition by the macrophages.     

马桑根瘤内生菌纯培养物的分离、回接及其生物学特性

多次采用根瘤切片法直接从野生的马桑根瘤中分离内生菌纯培养物均未获成功;但用同样方法从温室里人工接种形成的马桑根瘤中却分离到大量纯培养物。其中273株经盆栽回接后发现有24株能侵染结瘤;少数菌株还通过半固体斜面和珍珠岩盆栽回接成功。对10株纯培养物表型特性的研究表明,它们均具有Frankia的形态和培养特征;生理类型除有A、B两型外,尚出现有一类A、B混合型,其中凡属B型菌株的均能侵染结瘤,A型则不能,两株A、B混合型中有1株能结瘤,另1株却不能;碳、氮源利用特性和其它Frankia基本相似;细胞壁组分既有Ⅲ型也有Ⅱ型;全细胞鉴别性糖大多为木糖和半乳糖,少数菌株只含有半乳糖或木糖,或含有半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖。DNA中G+C mol%为65%～74%。     

黄瓜叶面喷施硅肥对果实糖分和维生素C积累及相关酶的影响

研究了黄瓜叶面喷施硅肥对其生长、产量、果实糖分、维生素C及相关酶活性和基因表达量的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施硅肥显著促进了黄瓜生长,增加了单株产量,提高了果实中碱性转化酶（NI）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）及半乳糖内脂脱氢酶（GaILDH）活性,提高了果实果糖、葡萄糖和维生素C含量。其中,1.420 g · L^-1单硅酸处理效应最显著,其果糖、葡萄糖和维生素C含量分别较对照高13.79%、18.08%和75.11%。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,叶面喷施单硅酸的黄瓜果实碱性转化酶–3（NI-3）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和半乳糖内脂脱氢酶（GaILDH）基因表达量显著提高。     

Comparing the utility of fishery‐independent and fishery‐dependent methods in assessing the relative abundance of estuarine fish species in partial protection areas

In partial protection management areas such as Recreational Fishing Havens (RFHs) where commercial fishing is prohibited there are fewer sampling methods available for quantifying the relative abundance of species. Consequently, a framework is needed in such areas to decide whether sampling should be based on: (1) fishery‐independent techniques; (2) fishery‐dependent methods that rely on recreational fishery harvests; or (3) a combination of the two. This study compared fishery‐independent data derived from baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and independent fishing surveys (IFS) with fishery‐dependent data based on recreational angler surveys (AS) to identify the fish species that were best enumerated by each method in two Australian RFHs. Each method captured/detected disparate species and each consistently showed correlations with the relative abundance of particular suites of species. The species that were correlated with and best enumerated by BRUVS were Microcanthus strigatus (Cuvier) and Pelates sexlineatus (Qouy & Gaimard); those correlated with IFS were Gerres subfasciatus Cuvier, Girella tricuspidata (Qouy & Gaimard), Mugil cephalus L. and Pomatomus saltatrix (L.); and those correlated with AS were Platycephalus fuscus Cuvier and Acanthopagrus australis (Owen). By identifying the species that were best quantified by each method, this study facilitates accurate monitoring of key species within RFHs.     

琼脂及琼脂糖中3,6-内醚半乳糖的测定

本文研究了间苯二酚法对琼脂及琼脂糖样品中的3,6-内醚半乳糖的测定方法。实验中,根据间苯二酚试剂与3,6-内醚半乳糖和果糖的浓度在0.25μmol/mL以下时,具有近乎相同的标准比色曲线的原理,分别对测定波长、显色温度、显色时间和比色时间等检测条件进行优化。结果显示,用间苯二酚法测定3,6-内醚半乳糖的最佳检测条件为:测定波长554 nm、显色温度80°C、显色时间15 min;在该条件下,对琼脂及琼脂糖样品中的3,6-内醚半乳糖进行测定,方法的相对偏差为0.94%～1.27%,加标回收率为105.4%～111.04%。表明该方法操作简便,具有较高的准确性和重复性。     

麦套玉米与单作玉米的生物学性状差异分析

研究了不同播期麦套玉米与单作玉米在生物学性状方面的差异。结果表明,共生期间,不同播期单作玉米的展开叶数、次生根数、地上部鲜重和干重均高于麦套玉米,可见叶、种子根、株高不尽一致;麦套玉米由于小麦的遮阴,比同期播种的单作玉米生育期推迟,叶片总数、果穗叶位减少,穗位高、株高降低。麦套玉米适时套种时间应在小麦收获时,玉米苗在3叶展开期前后(在山东省玉米品种郑单958适宜套种时间为5月21～26日),麦收后立即中耕灭茬,适时追肥浇水,加强田间管理,能够达到单作玉米的产量。     

麦田套种对玉米环境因子及生长发育影响的研究

研究了麦套玉米的环境因子及其对生长发育的影响,试验结果表明,麦田畦埂(间距40cm)玉米苗冠层光照强度是单作玉米苗的50%左右,是套种行(间距30cm)的120%左右,光照是影响麦套玉米生长发育诸因子中的首要因子;0、5、10、15、20cm深度土壤的日平均温度,麦田畦埂比单作玉米田分别降低2.76、3.07、2.88、3.00、2.85℃,比套种行分别提高0.52、0.02、0.12、0.19、0.05℃;土壤水分降低的百分率,5月31日以前麦套的大于单作的,5月31日以后则反之;其它环境因子,麦田畦埂一般均优于套种行而次于单作玉米田。单株性状,麦田畦埂优于套种行而次于单作玉米;生育期,麦田畦埂的早于套种行而晚于单作玉米。     

单胃动物小肠内可消化性碳水化合物的吸收及其调控

本文阐述单胃动物小肠内可消化性碳水化合物的吸收及其调控机制。可消化性碳水化合物在单胃动物体内的降解产物主要为葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖和双糖。葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖在小肠内,由小肠内绒毛上皮细胞或细胞间隙直接吸收;双糖在双糖酶的作用下水解成单糖形式,为小肠绒毛上皮细胞吸收。其吸收机制可分为3个途径:主动吸收、被动吸收以及通过细胞间隙直接吸收。其中主动吸收是主要的吸收途径。调控小肠可消化性碳水化合物吸收的因素较多,包括吸收面积、Na 电化学梯度、细胞膜脂质成分、转运细胞与非转运细胞比例、转运子周转速率、亲和系数等因素。通过多种因子的调控作用,能有效地促进碳水化合物的吸收,以满足动物体的生长和发育的需要。     

太湖稻麦轮作农田减施磷肥盆栽试验研究

选择江苏常熟富磷、中磷、缺磷三个磷水平水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究稻麦轮作农田稻季不施磷的减磷措施的可行性。实验分四个不同处理:麦季施磷稻季不施磷(PW)、稻季施磷麦季不施磷(PR)、稻麦季均施磷(PR+W,目前农民施肥方式)以及稻麦季均不施磷(Pzero)。四年八季试验结果表明:与PR+W处理相比,无论是富磷、中磷以及缺磷土壤中,PW处理下的作物产量均无显著性差异,却显著提高四年稻麦轮作周期内的磷肥表观利用率(富磷、中磷以及缺磷三种土壤上分别高出4.21%、17.3%、18.5%),同时土壤速效磷含量累积下降20%~60%。然而,与PR+W处理相比,PR处理在缺磷土壤上作物产量下降了75%(P0.05)。四年盆栽试验结果表明,稻麦轮作农田在土壤磷素供应水平中等及以上条件下,通过稻季不施磷的措施来达到稻麦轮作农田减磷的效果在理论上具有可行性,可以保证作物较高产量水平和土壤磷素的环境安全。