小麦矮腥黑粉菌g9890基因编码效应蛋白的生物信息学分析及亚细胞定位

为明确小麦矮腥黑粉菌Tilletia controversa g9890基因编码效应蛋白的生物学功能,根据小麦矮腥黑粉病菌转录组测序结果,筛选出效应蛋白g9890,通过PCR技术获得g9890基因cDNA的全长序列,并对其进行生物信息学以及亚细胞定位分析。多种生物信息学数据库分析表明,g9890基因全长为1 038 bp（包括终止密码子）,共编码345个氨基酸,相对分子质量为37 353.32,理论等电点为5.02。g9890效应蛋白不稳定系数为15.94,疏水性指数为-0.312,是一种亲水性且稳定的蛋白。将g9890基因与pbin-GFP载体重组,利用冻融法转化至根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101中,将其注入烟草进行瞬时表达分析,并通过共聚焦激光显微镜观测该基因的定位状况,结果显示,g9890定位在细胞膜和细胞核上。     

Determination of primary structure of amberjack myosin heavy chain and its relationship with structural stability of various fish myosin rods

The structural stability of fish myosin depends upon species and temperatures of water in which fish live. Primary, secondary, and quaternary structures of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) from three species of fish living at different temperature ranges have been compared with those of rabbit MyHC in order to investigate the differences in stability. Primary structure of MyHC, although being accessible for warm-water and cold-water fish (carp and walleye pollack), was not available in previous for tropical-water fish literature; so in this study primary structure of MyHC of the tropical-water fish amberjack has been determined by cloning and sequencing its cDNA. The MyHC has 1938 amino acid residues (AA), which are almost as much as as those of carp and walleye pollack. The amberjack MyHC is 91–95% homologous with other fish and rabbit MyHCs. There is a discernible difference between animal species with stable myosin rod (amberjack, carp, and rabbit) and walleye pollack with unstable rod. Stable rod species have a high probability of forming coiled-coil around the COOH-terminal end of the rod, while the pollack has a low coiled-coil formation probability. In addition, the average scores of the coiled-coil for myosin rod were rabbit (1.738) > amberjack (1.691) > carp (1.680) > walleye pollack (1.674) which correlated exactly with the observed stability. The results suggest that coiled-coil forming ability, particularly around the COOH-terminal end, directs structural stability of fish myosin rod.     

草鱼3个6-磷酸葡萄糖酶催化亚基的基因表达分析及高糖饲料对其表达的影响

为了探讨6-磷酸葡萄糖酶催化亚基(glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit,G6PC)在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)糖代谢中的作用,采用同源序列比对的方式,在草鱼基因组中获取了3个g6pc基因的序列,通过序列比对和进化树分析,将其分别命名为g6pca、g6pcb1和g6pcb2,其编码的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和人(Homo sapiens)具有较高的同源性,相似度分别为85%～94%、64%～83%和54%～66%。同线性分析表明g6pc在草鱼染色体上的分布与斑马鱼等高度相似,表明草鱼g6pc基因在进化中具有较高的保守性。利用RT-PCR检测3个基因在鳃、脂肪、脑、心脏、肝、肾、前肠、中肠、后肠和肌肉10个组织中的表达,结果显示, g6pca在脑和肝中表达量较高,脂肪组织次之; g6pcb1在肝中表达量最高,中肠次之; g6pcb2在心脏表达量最高,其次为脂肪组织。同时探讨了高糖饲料对草鱼不同g6pc亚型转录水平的影响,以及不同浓度葡萄糖和胰岛素刺激草鱼肝细胞(L8824)后对g6pca转录水平的影响。结果显示,饲喂高糖饲料(7周)后,与对照组相比,草鱼肝脏g6pca mRNA水平显著升高, g6pcb1和g6pcb2 mRNA水平无显著变化。离体情况,与5 mmol/L葡萄糖组相比,15 mmol/L葡萄糖显著增加了L8824的g6pca mRNA水平,且1 mol/L胰岛素可以抑制这种作用; 30 mmol/L葡萄糖对L8824 g6pca mRNA水平无显著性影响。本研究表明,草鱼g6pc发生加倍后存在功能分化,高糖可以诱导g6pca mRNA的表达,而对g6pcb1和g6pcb2的转录水平无影响,其具体功能还需进一步研究。     

50 g/L炔草酸·唑啉草酯乳油防除小麦田杂草药效评价

述,在小麦田禾本科杂草2～5叶期、阔叶杂草2～4叶期,用50 g/L炔草酸·唑啉草酯乳油 30～60 g/hm2(有效成分),对水450 L喷施,对小麦田杂草高效,对小麦安全.     

外源氮对盐胁迫条件下长春花生长和氮代谢途径的影响1）

以药用植物长春花（ Catharanthus roseus （ L．） G．Don）为对象,研究不同形态外源氮供应条件下,长春花生长发育与体内氮代谢响应盐胁迫的变化特点。结果表明,无盐胁迫条件下,不同形态氮源供应对长春花生长影响不显著,但硝态氮与氨态氮混合供应的情况下,硝酸还原酶（ NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（ GS）的活性及游离氨基酸总质量分数显著高于其他氮源条件下的;在盐胁迫条件下,硝态氮和氨态氮混合供应显著增加了叶片生物量积累,同时,NR活性也显著提高。总体上,混合氮源供应可以减少盐胁迫对长春花的伤害。这种作用可能与氮代谢过程中关键酶活性的增加有关,特别是与氨代谢有关的酶有关,适量的氨离子可以节省植物代谢硝态氮的能量。     

Milk Protein Polymorphism in Kangayam Cattle

This paper reports the milk protein polymorphism, the allele frequencies of variants and the possible linkages among various combinations of milk protein phenotypes in the Kangayam cattle of south India. Milk samples from 156 Kangayam cows were typed by starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for caseins and whey proteins, respectively. All the four milk protein components studied, g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">gt;s1gt;-casein, g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-casein, g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-lactoglobulin and g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin, exhibited polymorphism with high allele frequencies of 0.9231±0.0151 for g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">gt;s1gt;-casein C, 0.9263±0.0148 for g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-casein A, 0.9135±0.0159 for g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-lactoglobulin B and a relatively high frequency of 0.6218±0.0275 for g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin A. The mean heterozygosity estimated over all the four milk protein loci was 0.2420. Genetic equilibrium was observed among all the loci studied, except g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin. Linkage analysis confirmed the non-independence between g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">gt;s1gt;- and g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-caseins and between caseins and g src="/content/g9w4550174220k7w/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-lactalbumin phenotypes.     

Crop productivity under differently lopped canopies of multipurpose trees in Central Himalaya, India

gt;Ficusgt; species are multipurpose trees well known by rural populations in Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Africa. Their uses are well documented but their amenability for vegetative propagation has not been extensively studied. This paper compares the rooting ability of stem and aerial root cuttings from thirteen gt;Ficusgt; species found in West Africa. It highlights the differences between species belonging to the sub-genera gt;Sycomorusgt; and gt;Urostigmagt;. The former show no capacity to propagate from cuttings whereas the latter, with epiphytic development, can be propagated by cuttings, although this capacity varies among species. Thus, gt;F. thonningii, F. leprieuriigt; and gt;F. ovatagt; are easily propagated, while gt;F. platyphyllagt; and gt;F. elasticoidesgt; are propagated with difficulty. The rooting capacity also varies depending on the cutting material used. It decreases in the following order: long leafless hardwood cuttings (pole) > nodal cuttings > apical cuttings. Rooting potential increases when the cuttings are harvested towards the end of the dry season(March to May). Aerial root can be used for cuttings in all species of the sub-genus gt;Urostigmagt;. The capacity of root cuttings to regenerate is greatest when cuttings are collected at the beginning of the dry season (November). In this case, wound-induced adventitious roots arise at the basal end of the cutting while gt;de novogt; buds are developed from the cambium at the distal end. The subsequent morphological development is identical to that of a stem cutting. These results clarify and allow the optimal use of the knowledge and methods developed by the indigenous people of the Sahel and could assist and promote fig tree (gt;Ficusgt; sp.) domestication in the dry tropics.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hormonal changes during meiotic maturation and ovulation in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

The plasma levels of estradiol-17g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"> (E2), 17g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">, 20g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge946.gif" alt="beta" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P) and gonadotropin (GTH) were measured in brook trout (gt;Salvelinus fontinalisgt;) during the period from the end of vitellogenesis to postovulation. Blood samples were taken according to specific stages of maturation, including germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and ovulation. E2 levels were quite high (g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge8764.gif" alt="sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">45 ng/ml) at the end of vitellogenesis (and prior to GVBD) and dropped precipitously by GVBD (g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge8764.gif" alt="sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">2 ng/ml). They remained low through ovulation and postovulation. 17,20-P levels were low prior to GVBD (g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge8764.gif" alt="sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">0.7 ng/ml) and increased dramatically at GVBD (g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge8764.gif" alt="sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">148 ng/ml). The levels of 17,20-P remained high at ovulation (g src="/content/g516x10847181264/xxlarge8764.gif" alt="sim" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">142 ng/ml) and then dropped significantly within 24 h to approximately half of the ovulatory values. They decreased even further by 7 days postovulation. GTH levels rose gradually through GVBD and ovulation from a postvitellogenic level of approximately 3 ng/ml to a 7 day postovulatory value of approximately 10 ng/ml. The overall results; 1) decrease in estradiol prior to GVBD, 2) increase in 17,20-P at GVBD and 3) gradual GTH rise through GVBD and ovulation, are similar to those reported for other salmonids.     

Temporal changes in plasma thyroid hormone,growth hormone and free fatty acid concentrations,and hepatic 5′-monodeiodinase activity,lipid and protein content during chronic fasting and re-feeding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Temporal changes in growth, plasma thyroid hormone, cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, hepatic Tgt;3gt; content and hepatic 5g src="/content/t316853g28687001/xxlarge8242.gif" alt="prime" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-monodeiodinase activity were measured in rainbow trout (gt;Oncorhynchus mykissgt;) subjected to a sustained fast for up to eight weeks, and during a four-week re-feeding period. The purpose of the study was to examine aspects of the endocrine control of energy partitioning processes characteristic of short-term (acute; fasting) and long-term (chronic; starvation) food-deprivation states in fish, and to explore the role of the thyroid hormones, cortisol and GH in the energy repartitioning that takes place during an acute anabolic (re-feeding) state following chronic food deprivation.Differences in growth rate between fed and fasted groups were evident after two weeks, but significant weight loss by the fasted groups was not evident until between four and six weeks into the fast. Hepatosomatic indices (HSIs) were significantly reduced in the fasted fish within seven days, and as early as two days in one study; recovery of the HSI in fasted fish was evident within three days of re-feeding. Liver protein content (expressed as % wet weight) was consistently depressed in the fasted fish in only one of the three studies. Liver total lipid content (expressed as % wet weight) was depressed in the fasted fish within two days of food deprivation. Because of the rapid and sustained decrease in the HSI of fasted fish, the hepatic gt;totalgt; protein and lipid reserves, when considered on a body weight basis, were markedly lowered within the first few days of the fast. Plasma GH concentrations exhibited a bi-modal pattern of change, with a transient fall in levels, followed by a sustained increase in fasted fish. The indicators of interrenal activity were suggestive of a depressed pituitary-interrenal axis in fasted animals; plasma cortisol levels were elevated to levels of fed animals within one day of re-feeding. The indicators of thyroid hormone economy (plasma thyroid hormone levels, liver triiodothyronine content, hepatic 5g src="/content/t316853g28687001/xxlarge8242.gif" alt="prime" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-monodeiodinase (MD) activity, thyroid epithelial cell height) were similarly indicative of a depressed pituitary-thyroid axis in fasted animals, with recovery to levels of the fed animals within one week. Despite the compensatory changes in accumulation of reserves (as indicated by a compensatory increase in HSI), there were no apparent compensatory changes in any of the endocrine parameters evident during the re-feeding period.     

忆晋西一次修成水平梯田的产生和兴起

忆晋西一次修成水平梯田的产生和兴起刘足征（湖南省水电厅，长沙市４１０６０７）在晋西吕梁山区以至黄河中游广大山区，现在到处可以见到层层叠叠的一次修成的水平梯田。面对这一雄伟壮观，令人心情舒畅，不禁回想到４０年以前的景象。那时，在这片黄土高原广大山区，从...