不同沟垄覆盖下土壤水热效应对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响

针对宁南山区春季降雨少、低温不利于马铃薯出苗,而作物生育中后期高温胁迫限制马铃薯块茎形成导致减产等问题,于2016年设置垄覆地膜沟内覆盖塑料地膜(DM)、玉米秸秆(JG)、生物降解膜(SM)、麻纤维地膜(MM)、液态地膜(YM)及沟不覆盖(BM),以传统平作为对照(CK),研究沟垄覆盖模式对土壤温度、土壤水分、旱作马铃薯生长及块茎产量的影响.结果表明:处理DM,SM,MM和YM马铃薯生育期耕层土壤温度表现出增温效应,而处理JG和BM表现为降温效应,其中处理DM增温效果和处理JG降温效果最佳.处理YM,JG对马铃薯生长前期保水效果较好,分别较CK显著提高13.3%,27.0%,而处理JG,DM对生育中后期的保墒效果较佳,分别较CK显著提高22.4%,13.2%.处理JG可显著促进马铃薯生长,其增产效果最为显著,DM次之,分别较CK增产47.8%,44.8%,其他处理较CK差异不具有统计学意义.可见,在宁南山区实施垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆模式可调控土壤水热环境,对旱作马铃薯生长及增产效果最佳.     

不同灌溉方式下冬小麦穗部性状与产量关系的试验研究

采用田间试验,以豫麦69为试验材料,研究了不同水分处理下常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌的冬小麦产量与穗部性状的相互关系。结果表明,同常规灌溉方式相比,一体化垄作沟灌方式下,冬小麦的穗粒数、籽粒质量及产量分别增加了5.5356%、7.5489%、7.7454%,但穗数减少了0.4302%。常规灌溉和一体化垄作沟灌方式下,产量与穗数、穗粒数以及籽粒质量均正相关,但一体化垄作沟灌方式下的相关系数较常规灌溉方式大。一体化垄作灌溉有利于改善农田小气候、发挥作物的边行优势和提高小麦产量。     

黄土高原北部垄膜沟植田间集雨高效栽培技术研究

在黄土高原北部,采用起垄覆膜(垄上覆膜种植马铃薯,垄沟种植谷子)的垄沟间作田间集雨补灌栽培并结合增施氮、磷、钾化肥,具有显著的增产、增收效果。该技术可大大提高化肥的增产效果和肥料利用率,有明显的集雨增墒效果,同时采用起垄覆膜种植马铃薯与垄沟种植谷子能够合理利用有限的工程集雨,有利于充分利用有限的降水资源,进行节约化农业经营。     

错开双圆盘开沟器用于玉米根茬地的试验研究

针对在玉米根茬较大,田地免耕直播时锐角式开沟器易出现挂茬、堵塞等问题,提出了采用错开双圆盘开沟器的方案。该开沟器可一次完成切断秸秆、劈开根茬、开沟施肥、播种的功能,用两圆盘实现传统上用1个圆盘切断秸秆、劈开根茬和2个圆盘开沟的3个圆盘的作用,从而简化播种机结构。通过设计样机,初步试验表明,其切断秸秆能力、入土能力等和机器质量密切相关,当整机配重增加到350kg时,播种机效果良好。     

Modernization of furrow irrigation in the South-East of France automation at field level and its implications

Surface irrigation rehabilitation in the South-East of France has shown success ever since the beginning of its development in the early 1980s. The gradual introduction of surface distributors, mechanized or automated has resulted in water savings and above all in decreased labor input. The distributors used are: gated pipes, layflat tubing, buried low pressure pipe and cablegation. They are used over an ever increasing area which attained about 1000 ha in 1987.Improvement is made in furrow head distribution as well as in field levelling, furrow flow evaluation, flow control at the head of the furrow and in the collective system.The effect of a modernized system and improved knowledge has been to make automated surface irrigation (particularly furrow irrigation) a modern application method in competition with techniques such as sprinklers and localized irrigation.Abbreviations ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers - CEMAGREF Centre d'Etude du Machinisme Agricole du Génie Rural des Eaux et des Forêts, Division Irrigation, BP 5095, 34033 Montpellier et BP 31 Le Tholonet 13612 AIX - ENGREF Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural des Eaux et des Forêts, Département Maîtrise de l'Eau et Développement, BP 5093, 34033 Montpellier - IRAT Institute de Recherche en Agronomie Tropicale, Zolad Mini Parc Bt7, 34100 Montpellier - P.V.C. Polyvinyl chloride - RNEDHA Réseau National Expérimentation Démonstration secteur Hydraulique Agricole, BP 5095, 34033 Montpellier - SCP Société du Canal de Provence et d'Aménagement de la Région Provençale, BP 100, 13603 AIX en Provence     

垄膜沟种涌泉灌溉技术要素的试验研究

在垄膜沟种农田进行了涌泉灌灌水试验，通过对水流推进过程观测，分析了田面水流运动特性，研究了沟宽对田间灌水均匀度的影响，并对垄膜沟种涌泉灌溉技术要素进行了探讨。结果表明，涌泉灌田面水流推进曲线可用幂函数表示。随着沟宽的增大，灌水均匀度呈下降趋势。从灌水质量和管网成本两方面综合考虑，试验条件下灌水技术要素的入沟流量、沟宽和灌水器间距分别以80～100L/h、20-30cm和4～5m为宜。     

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

保护地蔬菜栽培不同灌水方法对表层土壤盐分含量的影响

通过 3年连续保护地栽培蔬菜小区试验 ,对滴灌、渗灌、沟灌 3种灌水方法的土壤盐分积累状况进行了比较研究。试验后 0～ 2 0 cm土层土壤全盐含量以沟灌最高 ,渗灌次之 ,滴灌最低 ;滴灌土壤 p H下降幅度明显低于渗灌和沟灌土壤。在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内全盐含量呈幂指数形式分布 ,即地表处含量最高 ,随深度增加逐渐下降 ;而土壤 p H则随深度增加而直线上升。另外 ,土壤中可溶性盐的阴离以 NO-3 为主 ,阳离子以 Ca2 + 为主。这说明选择合理灌水方法 ,是防止土壤退化、提高保护地作物产量和质量的有效途径。     

侧深施肥直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器设计与试验

采用侧深施肥技术,施肥铲作业后播种带两侧土壤高度不一致,易加剧播种机横向偏摆,进而导致播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性较差。为解决上述问题,该研究设计了一种直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器。该开沟器主要由切土斜刃、挡土定位板、偏置推土板等组成,作业时滑切土壤并将其推移至肥沟一侧拓宽种沟,避免种子落至肥沟后位置过深,提高播种质量。通过离散元仿真试验,以前进阻力、肥沟回土深度、种沟回土深度为试验指标进行二因素五水平正交旋转组合试验,得到斜刃滑切角为37°、偏置角为15°时开沟器作业性能最好。在最优参数下与双圆盘式、尖角式开沟器进行田间作业性能对比试验,相对于双圆盘式和尖角式开沟器,直斜偏置式开沟器播种深度变异系数分别降低41.12%、19.41%;播种横向变异系数分别降低39.00%、28.41%;前进阻力分别降低7.26%、28.20%;作业后肥沟与种沟回土深度分别提高9.47%、13.68%和33.33%、7.14%。试验结果表明,该开沟器可以减小前进阻力,增加肥沟与种沟回土,提高播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性,可为播种开沟器的设计提供参考。     

基于离散元法的免耕深施肥分段式玉米播种开沟器研制

针对东北垄作深施肥免耕播种机上开沟器播种深度均匀性差、工作阻力大、土壤扰动大的问题,该研究利用离散元软件(EDEM 2.7)仿真分析不同类型破茬刀-施肥铲装置对土壤的作用机理,设计了一种分段式玉米播种开沟器。首先建立土壤-玉米根系-玉米秸秆离散元仿真模型,然后进行不同类型破茬刀-施肥铲装置离散元仿真试验,以回落土壤最大合外力的位置和方向为依据设计开沟器入土部分曲线,同时结合滑切原理设计开沟器未入土部分斜刃,最后根据土壤回落距离确定施肥铲和开沟器间距为374 mm。田间对比试验结果表明,分段式开沟器比尖角式开沟器、滑刀式开沟器、双圆盘式开沟器的播深变异系数分别降低了14.24%、27.31%、33.63%;工作阻力分别降低了27.56%、16.93%、1.23%;土壤扰动面积分别降低了11.67%、28.34%、49.34%。分段式开沟器播种深度均匀性高、工作阻力小、土壤扰动小,具有较优的作业效果。