中草药复配液在脐橙保鲜中的应用研究

以赣南脐橙为试材,研究了肉桂、丁香、丹皮、细辛、五倍子五种中草药提取液(浓度为1 g/mL)中的任意三种以1∶1∶1比例形成的10种复配液对意大利青霉和指状青霉的抑制效果以及效果最佳的复配液对脐橙的保鲜效果。结果表明,复配液CM-7(丁香、细辛、丹皮)对指状青霉和意大利青霉的抑菌圈直径分别为40.97 mm和39.03 mm,抑菌效果最好。对脐橙保鲜效果表明,与对照组相比,在贮藏中后期(40～90 d),CM-7处理降低了果实的腐烂率和失重率,延缓了VC和总糖含量的降解,保持了果实良好的营养品质。     

山核桃叶片提取物的抑菌作用

研究了山核桃Carya cathayensis叶片提取物对几种常见菌种的抑制作用。采用滤纸片法,检测不同浓度山核桃叶片乙醇和水提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus,大肠杆菌Escherichia coli,酵母菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae,黑曲霉菌Aspergillus niger,黄曲霉菌Aspergillus flavus和青霉菌Penicillium sp.的抑制效果。结果表明,培养12 h,乙醇提取物对5个供试菌种表现出显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),其效果优于水提取物。培养24 h,乙醇提取物和水提取物对黄曲霉菌的抑制作用明显(P<0.05),而对金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌的抑制作用较12 h前有所降低。培养36 h,乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和酵母菌仍保持一定的抑制作用。表2参9     

15种中药提取物对几种植物病原菌抑菌活性的初步研究

以15种中药丙酮提取物为材料,测定了其对杨树溃疡病菌(D.gregaria)、棉花枯萎病菌(F.oxys-porum f.sp.vasinfectum)、番茄早疫病菌(A.solani)、小麦纹枯病菌(R.solani)和小麦赤霉病菌(F.graminearum)等5种植物病原菌的生物活性。结果表明,在质量浓度为0.05 g/mL时,花椒提取物对所有供试菌菌丝生长抑制率均在80%以上,苍术、沉香、艾叶和草豆蔻提取物对其中至少2种供试菌菌丝生长抑制率均在60%以上;在质量浓度为0.1 g/mL时,花椒、沉香和艾叶提取物对棉花枯萎病菌孢子萌发抑制率均在90%以上;草豆蔻提取物对棉花枯萎病菌孢子萌发抑制率大于65%。花椒、沉香、艾叶、草豆蔻、苍术等5种中药作为植物源杀菌剂值得进一步研究。     

番茄茎叶提取物对8种植物病原菌的生物活性初步研究

采用6种溶剂对番茄茎叶进行平行提取,以葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、瓜类枯萎病菌和番茄早疫病菌为供试菌,对番茄不同提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,各溶剂提取液对特定病菌都有极好的抑制作用,对葡萄白腐病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制率均为100%,对其它病菌也都有很好的活性。番茄茎叶的水提取液对供试8种病原菌的综合抑制效果最好,对葡萄白腐病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌和苹果腐烂病菌的抑制作用高达100%,对瓜类枯萎病菌抑菌效果最差也为67.74%。,因此,水应作为番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质提取的首选溶剂,石油醚可作为有机溶剂提取番茄茎叶农用抑菌活性物质的溶剂。     

OS-诱抗剂诱导植物抗病性的作用探讨

用PDA培养基平板法测定了0.4%OS-诱抗剂水剂对水稻纹枯病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、油菜菌核病菌、辣椒立枯病菌、瓜类绵腐病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌的生物活性,其EC₅₀值分别为34.56、59.33、33.17、85.92、91.91、122.87μg/mL,OS-诱抗剂对水稻纹枯病、油菜菌核病较好。高效液相色谱分析表明,经OS-诱抗剂处理后的植物提取液中酚类物质的种类和含量相对于对照有明显的变化,说明OS-诱抗剂对植物的防病作用可能是促使植物体内产生了酚类抗病物质。     

The Use of a GUS Transformant of Trichoderma Harzianum, Strain T3a, to Study Metabolic Activity in the Spermosphere and Rhizosphere Related to Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-off And Root Rot

The activity of Trichoderma harzianum in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species was studied by use of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant (strain T3a). Hereby, direct observation of micro-habitats supporting metabolic activity of T. harzianum is reported. Germination of conidia and mycelial growth were not supported by exudates from healthy roots of various ages. Instead, growth and activity of T. harzianum depended on access to dead organic substrates such as seed coats, decaying roots, and wounds, including those caused by infecting pathogens. A correlation between the GUS activity of T. harzianum and the biomass of Pythium ultimum in infected roots was established. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the biocontrol ability of T. harzianum involves competition with the pathogen for substrates including the seed coat, and wounded or infected root tissue.     

A fungistatic chromene from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ageratum conyzoides</Emphasis>

Ageratum conyzoides L. is an annual herb in the tropics and subtropics whose extracts are known to possess pharmacological and biocidal activity. We report on the bioactivity of a secondary metabolite (a chromene) isolated from the shoots ofA. conyzoides against some plant pathogenic fungi. Organic solvent extracts from the shoots were tested for antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungiRhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis theae andFusarium species growingin vitro on potato dextrose agar medium. The cruden-hexane extract completely inhibited the growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii. Then-hexane extract was chromatographed over a column of silica gel followed by activity-guided fractionation to give an antifungal principle. Structure elucidation by detailed analysis of¹H,¹³C NMR and mass spectroscopy identified the active compound as precocene II. The growth ofR. solani andS. rolfsii was completely inhibited by precocene II at a concentration of 80–100 ppm. The sclerotia ofR. solani andS. rolfsii were also completely suppressed by 150 ppm of precocene II. Sub-culture of these inhibited fungi onto precocene II-free medium restored growth of the fungus, indicating that precocene II is fungistatic. Crude or refined extracts fromA. conyzoides offer the possibility of biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 11, 2004.     

中草药提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病原菌的抑制效果

为了对无公害蔬菜病害的防治提供参考,采用生长速率法,将6种中草药提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果表明:6种中草药提取物中,黄岑提取物对辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌效果最好,EC50值最低,分别为8.56mL/L和8.65mL/L;大黄提取物对2种病菌抑菌活性最差,EC50值分别为104.32和269.43;苦参、金银花、板蓝根和补骨脂提取物的抑菌活性表现中等。     

核桃青皮提取物对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

采用5种溶剂对核桃青皮进行平行提取和液—液萃取。以苹果轮纹病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、桃褐腐病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、茄子枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌6种病原真菌为靶标,对核桃青皮不同溶剂提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,核桃青皮水提取液对供试的6种病原真菌抑制效果最好,抑制率达到96%以上,石油醚提取液对供试的6种病原真菌抑制效果最差;核桃青皮甲醇提取物氯仿萃取物对桃褐腐病菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率为71.54%,乙酸乙酯萃取物对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制效果最差,抑制率仅为18.32%。     

2 %假蒟微乳剂对几种病、虫的毒力测定

利用2 %假蒟微乳剂对几种供试菌和试虫进行室内毒力测定。生长速率法进行杀菌剂毒力测定的试验结果表明：假蒟微乳剂对弯孢霉属的抑制效果最好,其EC50仅为3.26 mg/L,远低于对照药剂多菌灵的50.71 mg/L;胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵表现极强的耐药性,而假蒟微乳剂则对胶孢炭疽菌抑制效果较好,其EC50仅为14.40 mg/L。浸渍法进行杀虫剂毒力测定的试验结果表明,假蒟对蚜虫的活性最高,其LC50为7.110 mg/L,对斜纹夜蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫、橡副珠蜡蚧和椰心叶甲,均表现较好的杀虫活性。